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世界贸易和国际贸易外文文献及中文翻译
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WorldTradeandInternationalTradeIntoday’scomplexeconomicworld,neitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources；peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivity,internationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.Forexample,theUnitedStatesisamajorconsumerofcoffee,yetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyoritsown.Consequently,theUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountries(suchasBrazil,ColombiaandGuatemala)thatgrowcoffeeefficiently.Ontheotherhand,theUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoods,suchaschemicalsandairplanes,whichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitem,suchasoneautomobilefor10,000bagsofcoffee,foreigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.Soinsteadofbatter,whichistradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoney,theUnitedStatereceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollars,whichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustralia,whichinturncanbuytextilesGreatBritain,whichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedState.Foreigntrade,theexchangeofgoodsbetweennations,takesplaceformanyreasons.Thefirst,asmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZaire,diamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugar,itconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar.Third,onenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.Accordingtoeconomictheory,Japanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparativeadvantageinthedesireditems.Finally,foreigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountry,itstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermany,JapanandSweden,primarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates.Formostnations,exportsandimportsarethemostimportantinternationalactivity.Whennationsexportmorethantheyimport,theyaresaidtohaveafavorablebalanceoftrade.Whentheyimportmorethantheyexport,anunfavorablebalanceoftradeexists.Nationstrytomaintainafavorablebalanceoftrade,whichassuresthemofthemeanstobuynecessaryimports.Internationaltradeistheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountryforgoodsandservicesproducedinanothercountry.Thereareseveralreasonsforit.Thedistributionlfnaturalresourcesaroundtheworldissomewhathaphazard:somenationspossessnaturaldepositsinexcessoftheirownrequirementswhileothernationshavenone.Forexample,Britainhaslargereservesofcoalbutlacksmanymineralssuchasnickel,copper,aluminumetc,whereastheArabstateshavevastoildepositsbutlittleelse.Inthecultivationofnaturalproductsclimateswhereasothers,suchascitrusfruits,requireaMediterraneanclimate.Moreover,somenationsareunabletoproducesufficientofaparticularproducttosatisfyalargehomedemand,forexample,Britainandwheat.Thesearethereasonswhyinternationaltradefirstbegan.Withthedevelopmentofmanufacturingandtechnology,therearoseanotherincentivefornationstoexchangetheirproducts.Itwasfoundthatitmadeeconomicsenseforanationtospecializeincertainactivitiesandproducethosegoodsforwhichithadthemostadvantages,andtoexchangethosegoodsfortheproductsofothernationswhichandadvantagesindifferentfields.Thistradeisbasedontheprincipleofcomparativeadvantage.Thetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,alsocalledthecomparativecosttheory,wasdevelopedbyDavidRicardo,andothereconomistsinthenineteenthcentury.Itpointsoutthattradebetweencountriescanbeprofitableforall,evenifoneofthecountriescanproduceeverycommoditymorecheaply.Aslongasthereareminor,relativedifferencesintheefficiencyofproducingacommodityeventhepoofcountrycanhaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingit.Theparadoxisbestillustratedbythistraditionalexample:thebestlawyerintownisalsothebesttypistintown.Sincethislawyercannotaffordtogiveupprecioustimefromlegalandtypingmatters.Butthetypist’scomparativedisadvantageisleastintyping.Therefore,thetypisthasarelativecomparativeadvantageintyping.Thisprincipleisthebasisofspecializationintotradesandoccupations.Atthesametime,completespecializationmayneveroccurevenwhenitiseconomicallyadvantageous.Forstrategicordomesticreasons,acountrymaycontinuetoproducegoodsforwhichitdoesnothaveanadvantage.Thebenefitslfspecializationmayalsobeaffectingbytransportcosts:goodsandrawmaterialshavetobetransportedaroundtheworldandthecostofthetransportnarrowsthelimitsbetweenwhichitwillproveprofitabletotrade.Anotherimpedimenttothefreeflowofgoodsbetweennationsisthepossibleintroductionofartificialbarrierstotrade,suchastariffsorquotas.Inadditiontovisibletrade,whichinvolvestheimportandexportlfgoodsandmerchandise,thereisalsoinvisibletrade,whichinvolvestheexchangeofservicesbetweennations.NationssuchasGreeceandNorwayhavelargemarinefleetsandprovidetransportationservice.Thisisakindofinvisibletrade.Whenanexporterarrangesshipment,herentsspaceinthecargocompartmentoraship.Theprudentexporterpurchasesinsuranceforhiscargo’svoyage.Whileatsea,acargoisvulnerabletomanydangers.Thus,insuranceisanotherserviceinwhichsomenationsspecialize.GreatBritain,because
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