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毕业论文外文翻译--析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题（适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照）
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毕业设计说明书
上海某商贸中心空调系统设计
建筑工程与力学学院
04级建筑环境与设备工程1班
本设计是上海市某商贸中心空调系统设计，拟为之设计一套既合理实用，又能兼顾节能要求的空调系统，在为工作人员提供舒适工作环境的同时尽量节约能源。
本设计的主要内容有：空调冷负荷的计算；空调系统的划分与系统方案的确定；冷源的选择；空调用制冷机房与空调机房的设计；空调末端处理设备的选型；室内送风方式与气流组织形式的选定；风系统的设计与计算；水系统的设计、布置与水力计算； 风管系统与水管系统保温层的设计；消声防振设计等。
根据建筑物本身的特点、功能需要和有关规范要求，决定本建筑第二层采用全空气集中式空调系统，其余各层采用风机盘管加新风半集中式空调系统。
关键词：商贸中心
全空气集中式空调系统
风机盘管加新风
The graduation project designs a central air conditioning system for the
official building in Shanghai City, so as to create a comfortable work environment for the stuff while using less energy.
It contains: cool the estimat the division of the air condition system and the conformatiothe selection of the selection of air con the design of air duct sy the estimation of air distribution method and the selection of the design of water system and its the insulation of air duct plant and noise a etc.
According to some correlation standard, allow for energy safe and indoor comfort, the air condition system of the design i
正在加载中，请稍后...电气毕业设计英文文献及翻译――智能建筑中火灾探测系统的发展95-第3页
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priortoorduringcombustio；ofinteractions,including；array.Bycoatingeachsenso；Amajorissueinanysensorsy；monitoringcanbeintegrate；significantlyenhanced[15；building.Onceafireoccurs；syste
prior to or during combustion [12].
Chemical species can be sensed through a multitudeof interactions, including catalytic, electrochemical, mechanic-chemical, and optical processes.
In one square inch, several hundred individual sensors can be placed in anarray.
By coating each sensor with a different semi-conducting material, several hundred
different readings for gas signatures can be made by an expert system [13].
Recently, one
olfactory sensor array system has been developed for environmental monitoring and for
fire and smoke detection [14].
Such a system consists of an array of broadly-selective
chemical sensors coupled to microprocessor-based pattern-recognition algorithms so that
the changes in environmental conditions, such as CO, CO2 and smoke, can be detected.A major issue in any sensor system is differentiating between different causes of the event
being detected.
Higher than expected levels of CO2, for example, may be the signs of a
fire, but may also be a sign of poor air circulation within a room.
When separate sensors
installed in the building for fire safety, thermal comfort control and environmentalmonitoring can be integrated, sensitivity to fires and false alarm immunity can besignificantly enhanced [15].
These sensors are located in different positions in thebuilding.
Once a fire occurs, the system can take multiple fire signatures and the spatial
relationship and status of adjacent detectors into account in making decisions.
fire sensitivity information produced by these sensors would be transmitted to a control
panel where fire signal processing and alarm and fault determinations are made.
of a powerful central processing unit (CPU) in the control panel would also allow thesystem to use complex algorithms and advanced signal processing for fire signatureidentification.The role of the control panel in improving fire detection capability has already beenrecognized, with a system using control panels for decision making being one of two main
versions of intelligent fire detection systems [16].
Modern control panels are much more
powerful and flexible because of the widespread use of integrated circuits and digitalcomponents that allow functions to be fully computer controlled.
These control panels
have powerful signal processing capability and use artificial intelligent techniques, toimprove fire detection system
reliability, response times to incipient fires, false alarm rates
and maintenance requirements.
The Building and Fire Research Laboratory at NIST has recently initiated a project to further develop advanced fire detection and alarm panels [8].This project aims to use information provided by sensors and advanced models of fire
growth and smoke spread in buildings to discriminate between fire and non-fire threats,
identify the exact location of a fire in a building, and provide continuous estimates on the
short and long term behavior of fire growth and smoke spread in the building.
information will allow building operators and fire fighters to make a more accurate and
responsive evaluation of any fire-related incident in the building, to control fires andsupervise the evacuation from the building.Computer vision systems can also be used as a type of multi-function sensor.
vision applications have included building security, improving response rate and energy
saving for HVAC systems by identifying occupant numbers and their locations [17],monitoring electrical power switchboards and control panels [18] and lighting level sensing
and control [2].
Computer vision also has strong advantages for use in sensing andmonitoring a fire.
Cameras and corresponding facilities required in the computer vision
system are already standard features of many buildings for other applications.
Additional
fire detection capability can therefore be added with minimal cost through changes in
software and correlating results between the computer vision system and other sensors.
One such application is the machine vision fire detection system (MVFDS), which uses a
combination of video cameras, computers, and artificial intelligence techniques [19-22].
processes multiple spectral images in real time to reliably detect a small fire at largedistances in a very short time.
It can also identify the location of a fire, track its growth and
monitor fire suppression.
For some applications, the MVFDS is further combined with
radiation sensors (UV and IR) to enhance its detection capabilities or a CCD camera toautomatically evaluate the scene through identification of bright regions associated with the
fire radiation and increase system reliability [21, 22].
The development of this computer
vision system is still ongoing and is viewed as being restricted due to the need forexpensive and sophisticated software and hardware components.Wireless sensors are another important emerging technology for intelligent buildings.Wireless fire detectors are already available in the market.
An alarm signal is transmitted to the control panel by radio, infra red transmission, ultra sonic and microwaves whensmoke or rapid temperature changes are detected.
Their significance comes not from their
ability to measure new parameters, but because they do not require a hardwired connection
to the data acquisition system that will record their readings.
This capability not onlyallows wireless sensors to be located anywhere inside a room, but also means that they can
be installed in the exterior envelope or other locations that would be too expensive or
physically impossible to monitor in any other way [2].
Wireless technology may also be a
necessity for retrofitting intelligent building technology in older buildings, where thedifficulty and cost of installation is a significant barrier.
In many cases installing intelligent
building systems in older buildings requires major renovations.
It can rarely, if ever, be
done without damage to existing walls, floors and ceilings.
It is likely that wirelessnetworks will need to be developed to retrofit older buildings.
Without such techniques,
these older buildings will gradually become uncompetitive with new construction, reducing
the value of the existing built environment.In large buildings, wireless sensors communicate with other building systems through
wireless networks in the building.
Intra-office data networks based on 10 GHz wireless
networks are already becoming widely available [23].
Wireless networks are expected to
become the dominant media for low to medium bit rates for many intelligent buildingnetwork applications.
However, significant further development will be necessary for them
to reach their full potential, and to overcome attenuation problems, such as absorption by
office partitioning and reflection from wall, windows and other surfaces.
Other major
problems include the need to significantly lower the cost of wireless sensors, and therequirement for the development of suitable power supply systems that will allow the longterm operation of these sensors.Development of Remote Monitoring and Control TechniquesThere is increasing interest in remotely monitoring building service systems.
Intelligent
remote monitoring can significantly increase efficiency and reduce costs for buildingmanagement operations.
They may be especially important for small facilities where skilledtechnical supervision would otherwise be too expensive to consider.
These systems
could let a single person supervise a number of buildings.Most commercial monitoring systems use a modem and remote dial-up to access the
buildingís operating system.
Alarm messages from the building systems can also be
directly sent to the equipmentís manufacturer without intervention from the buildingís
More recently, studies have been carried out using the Internet for real-time
control of a building automation system [24, 25].
Compared to ìvoice/touch-tone?interface, the Internet is able to provide more information (text, images and sound clips).
Researchers at the University of Essex in the United Kingdom are developing anembedded-internet within a building that will allow building users or manufacturers to
directly communicate with the building service systems [24].
The City University of Hong
Kong has carried out an initial research project to use the Internet for real-time control of
building automation systems [25]. Their studies have shown that the Internet has thepotential to extend the monitoring and control of a typical building automation system out
of the building so that users can gain access to it at anytime and from anywhere.
work also shows that one central 24-hour management office is able to manage a real estate
portfolio with hundreds of buildings. Remote monitoring and control also has the potential to improve fire safety.
It is estimated
that 67 percent of all fires occur outside of office hours [26].
Remote monitoring of fire
detection and alarm systems can reduce response time and improve response effectiveness
by providing adequate fire information to the building supervisor, activating firesuppression systems and immediately summoning the appropriate fire brigade.Some current advanced fire control panels have already incorporated a modem for remote
access control.
With the development of real-time control via the Internet, fire detection
systems will perform automatic fault detection and diagnosis with early warning of sensor
contamination before the overall integrity of the system is affected.
Human intervention at
the first sign of a warning should permit more efficient discrimination between fire andnon-fire threats.
When a fire occurs, detailed and adequate local fire information could be directly sent to the appropriate fire department.
Firefighters could also access information
from the Internet to identify the locations of potentially hazardous materials or occupants
who will need special assistance to leave the fire location.
Fully integrated remote access
systems will allow planning for fighting fires to take place enroute to the fire, rather than at
the buildingís fire panel.
Remote access systems should therefore provide valuable
additional time for property and life protection.However, real-time control via the Internet,
is still in its infancy [25].
Development of
the advanced, Internet based remote access fire protection systems described above has
not yet begun.
In addition, significant issues, such as real-time control of security and
safety, still need to be considered.
Internet access to fire safety systems also creates its
own unique fire safety issues concerning computer and network security.
The fullimplementation of Internet based monitoring systems will require strong assurances ofdata integrity and resistance to computer hacking.
Without these protections, fire fighters
may receive false information about the existence, location or size of fires. Integrated Building Service Systems Todayís fire detection and alarm systems have been partially integrated with otherbuilding systems.
Once a fire occurs in a building, fire detection and alarm systems in
some buildings activate various fire safety systems, such as smoke control, and various
pressurization and smoke exhaust system.
They also activate elevator recall, the door
release system, flashing exit signs and fire suppression systems [27].
Currently, however,
the level of integration of all the disparate building systems is still limited. Even though
building service systems that have similar functionality, such as fire safety systems and
security systems, or HVAC systems and lighting systems, have been integrated together[5, 6], there is a limited level of information-sharing among the systems.
Systems on the
same cabling backbone are all provided by the same manufacturer.
Various building
service systems involving HVAC, lighting, fire safety and security monitoring in thebuilding are not integrated together on the basis of a common communication protocol.This is mainly due to fragmentation of the building and communication industries, a reluctance to change established practices as well as the lack of standardized, broadlybased communication protocols that allow different types of building service systems tocommunicate with each other.
Many tenants and developers also prefer to have a lesser
degree of systemsí integration due to fears of excessive complexity, potential total system
failure and possible slowdown of the central control [28, 29].Various methods and concepts have been developed to enhance integration of building
systems and to increase reliability of the integrated systems [5, 6, 30].
Efforts are also
being made to develop communication protocols that enable different manufacturers to
ìinteroperate? together and allow the building systems to communicate with each other
over a network [8].
These protocols include BACnet, LonWorks, CAN, NEST, EHSA and
They prescribe a detailed set of rules and procedures that govern all aspects of
communicating information from one cooperating machine to another.
BACnet prefers a
hierarchical model in which the whole system is divided into a number of subsystems, each
with a separate central processing unit [31].
The coordination of the subsystems isachieved by hardwired interconnection or software interconnection.
This methodsimplifies installation and maintenance and the damage caused by the failure of the CPU to
EMCS and the fire safety systems is only limited to the local level, instead of to the whole
integrated system.
BACnet is most suitable to the traditional processing andcommunications models used by current HVAC hardware.
However, BACnet does not
support dynamically structured networks, nor does it emphasize distributed processing.
Efforts are being made to expand BACnet beyond the HVAC realm.
The first commercial
BACnet fire system products will be introduced within the next two years, and newfeatures are also being added to the protocol that will enhance the use of BACnet in lifesafety systems [8].Other communication protocols, such as LonWorks, on the other hand, prefer ìnetworking
integration? in which there is no central processing unit, just intelligent field cabinets.
Each intelligent field cabinet is a ìnode? on the network and has equal status to the other
Each cabinet controls local or zoned all energy management functions, all firealarm functions and smoke control functions.
It does not depend on any remote centralprocessing unit or another intelligent field cabinet.
The microprocessors in the fieldcabinet can support advanced diagnostics and manage all the local building functions.
nodes in the network can communicate with each other and can be approached andmanaged through a central station or by a personal computer.
This type of network further
simplifies installation and maintenance, and increases the reliability of the system.
fire damage or a fault occurs, only the immediate area is affected, and the fire command
station or any other man/machine interface location could maintain communication with
any other field cabinet on the network loop by transmission of data in two directions.
Response of this type of network to a fire threat is very fast, because there is no need for a
CPU to scan and process whole building systems.
The intelligent field cabinet recognizes
the fire alarm within its own area and acts upon that event within the cabinet.Conclusion New intelligent building technologies have strong potential to improve fire safety.
Multifunction sensors (i.e., chemical gas sensors, integrated sensor systems and computer visionsystems) and wireless sensors will not only reduce expenditure on sensors, but also reduce
false alarms, speed response times and reduce fire-related losses.
Real-time control via the
Internet will extend the monitoring and control of building service systems and fire safety
systems out of the building, which will increase the efficiency and reduce costs for building
management operations, more efficiently discriminate between fire and non-fire threats,
and increase the time available for property and life protection.
The integration of fire
detection and alarm systems with other building systems should also increase fire safety in
the building.However, the application of intelligent building technology may also create completely
new risks.
Sensor technologies will need to be robust enough to prevent false alarms,
accurately discriminate between fire and non-fire threats, and ensure that vital information
such as the location of occupants is not lost due to data overload during a fire.
based monitoring and control of building service systems will need to be completely secureto prevent false fire information being provided to building owners and fire brigades.
Integrated building systems will need to be designed not only to give fire safety priorityover other building activities but also that fire emergencies do not crash the buildingservice system.
A close examination of the concept of system integration will need to be
conducted as intelligent building systems become more prevalent in order to determine
whether a full integrated building system has sufficient redundancy to provide adequate fire
safety.In addition to the need for further research in developing new fire safety systems and
ensuring that intelligent building systems do not hinder fire safety, additional work is
needed to overcome the problems that are common to all parts of the intelligent building
Fragmentation of the building and communication industries, a reluctance to
change established practices, the complexity of intelligent building systems, and the lack of
universal communication standards have all slowed intelligent building progress.
effort is needed to remove these barriers. 包含各类专业文献、高等教育、应用写作文书、生活休闲娱乐、专业论文、电气毕业设计英文文献及翻译――智能建筑中火灾探测系统的发展95等内容。　
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