美国商标许可协议&（中英文）
美国商标许可协议
（中英文）
Trademark License
This Trademark License Agreement
(this "Agreement") is made as of September 18, 20XX, by and between
XXX Technologies Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the
"Company") and YYY Corporation, a Delaware corporation
&本商标许可协议（“协议”）由特华达州XXX技术公司（“公司”）与特华达州YYY公司（“YYY”）于20xx年9月18日签订。
WHEREAS, YYY is the owner of the
trademark and trade name and registrations and applications
therefor in the forms set forth on Schedule Attached hereto (the
"LICENSED TRADEMARK(s)").
鉴于YYY是附件中所标明的商标标识、商标名称和商标注册申请的所有人。（“许可商标”）
WHEREAS, the Company designs,
manufactures, markets and services networking and switching
products for storage networks, data networks and telecommunications
networks and services related to such products (the
"COMPANYBUSINESS").
鉴于，公司为仓储网络、数据网络和电讯网络和相关产品的服务提供设计、生产、推广、服务网络交换产品。（“公司业务”）
WHEREAS, the Company has been an
indirect wholly owned subsidiary of YYY;
鉴于公司是YYY直接拥有的子公司。
WHEREAS, the Company is issuing
shares of Class B Common Stock to the public in an offering
registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended AS
contemplated by a registration statement on Form S-1, as
supplemented and amended from time to time (the "IPO");
鉴于公司正依据表格S-1上的注册声明不断修订的和补充、更新的1933年证券法向公众招幕发行普通B股（“股票首次发行”）。
WHEREAS, following the IPO, the Company desires to continue to use
the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s) in connection with the COMPANY BUSINESS
for one year and YYY is willing to grant to the Company the right
to use the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s) for one year on or in connection
with the COMPANY BUSINESS, such use subject to the terms and
conditions of this Agreement.
& &鉴于，随着股票首次发行，公司拟在公司经营活动中继续使用许可商标一年，YYY也同意授权，该使用受本协议条款限制。
NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of
the mutual promises and covenants set forth herein, the parties,
intending to be legally bound, hereto agree as follows:
因此，考虑到双方的承诺和契约，签订协议如下，对双方有约束力。
1 - GRANT OF LICENSE第一条授权许可
1.1 YYY hereby grants to the Company,
and the Company hereby accepts, a non-exclusive, worldwide,
royalty-free license to use the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s) solely in
connection with the COMPANY BUSINESS, subject to the limitations
set forth in this Agreement.
YYY在此授权公司并且公司同意接受非独占的、全球范围的、免许可费的商标许可，在业务范围内根据本协议的限制使用许可商标。
1.2 The grant of license in Section
1.1 above includes the right by the Company to grant sublicenses
within the scope of such license to the Company's wholly owned
subsidiaries, but only for so long as each remains a wholly owned
subsidiary.
第一款的授权许可包括公司在许可范围内再许可公司全资子公司的权利，但仅限于全资子公司。
1.3 Except as provided in this
Article, all licenses granted
herein shall be nontransferable and
non－assignable without the prior written
consent of YYY.
&除本条另外约定，未经YYY的书面同意，所有的授权许可不可转让。
ARTICLE 2- OWNERSHIP AND USE OF THE
LICENSED TRADEMARKS
&许可商标的所有权及使用权
2.1 The Company acknowledges that YYY
owns the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s) and all rights therein and that
nothing in this Agreement shall give the Company any right, title
or interest in or to the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s) other than pursuant
to the license granted hereby.
公司承认YYY拥有许可商标专利权和其它所有权利，根据协议公司除获得许可使用外，对许可商标没有任何其它权利和利益。
2.2 The Company agrees that it will
do nothing inconsistent with YYY's ownership of the LICENSED
TRADEMARK(s) and shall not claim adversely to YYY, or assist any
third party in attempting to claim adversely to YYY, with regards
to such ownership. The Company agrees that it will not challenge
the title of YYY to the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s), oppose any
registration thereof, or challenge the validity of this Agreement
or the licenses granted herein. Furthermore, the Company will not
register, nor attempt to register, any trade
name or trademark which, in whole or
in part, incorporates or is confusingly similar to the LICENSED
TRADEMARK(s).
公司同意不从事与YYY许可商标专有权存在矛盾的活动，不能就商标所有权提出或帮助第三方提出不利于YYY的索赔。公司同意不对YYY的许可商标所有权提出注册或本协议有效性异议。公司也不得以许可商标的商标名称、商标图案的全部、部分和联合或相似商标申请注册或试图申请注册。
2.3 Without the prior written
approval of YYY, the Company is not authorized to use the LICENSED
TRADEMARK(s) in connection with any business activity unrelated to
the COMPANY BUSINESS.
未经YYY的事先书面批准，公司无权在公司业务无关的方面使用许可商标。
Notwithstanding the license granted herein and any of the
provisions hereof, no rights or licenses are granted to the Company
with respect to any other trademark, service mark, and/or trade
name not listed on Schedule A hereto.
尽管有许可授权和本协议的条款，但公司对其它未列在附件上的其它商标、服务标识、商标名称没有许可使用或其它权利。
2.5 The Company agrees to assist YYY
in recording this Agreement with appropriate government authorities
where such recording is required by law or regulation or where such
recording is permitted or desired by YYY.
凡根据法律法规规定或YYY允许或希望本协议应备案的，公司同意帮助YYY向主管政府部门备案。
2.6 All costs associated with
recording this Agreement, the license granted herein and
registering, maintaining, or renewing LICENSED TRADEMARK(S)
exclusively used by the Company shall be borne by the Company. All
costs associated with registering, maintaining or renewing any
LICENSEDTRADEMARK(S) also used by YYY shall be borne by
对于公司独家使用的许可商标，其协议备案、授权许可、注册、维持、续展的所有费用由公司承担。对于由YYY也使用的许可商标，其注册、维持、续展费用由YYY承担。
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
ARTICLE 3- QUALITY PROVISIONS第三条
3.1 The Company agrees that the nature and quality of all products
sampled, sold, or otherwise disposed of by the Company and covered
by the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s) shall conform to the standards set by
and under the control of YYY (hereinafter, "QUALITY STANDARD").
Such QUALITY STANDARD shall be reasonable,shall be no greater than
the quality standards imposed by the Company's customers in
general, and shall be at least equal in quality to the products (in
the aggregate) sold by the Company prior to the date
公司同意所有出样、销售或其它方式处置的贴有许可商标的产品的品质应符合YYY规定和控制的标准（下称“质量标准”）。质量标准应是合理的，不高于公司客户一般要求，至少与公司在本协议签订前卖出产品的质量相等。
3.2 The Company shall, upon YYY's reasonable request, supply
samples of any products sampled, sold, or otherwise disposed of by
the Company that include the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s) to YYY.
Alternatively, YYY may request the Company to assure that such
products conform to the QUALITY STANDARD and, to this end, the
Company shall permit reasonable inspection during business
by an authorized representative of
YYY of the Company's facilities to inspect the Company's
operations, methods of manufacture, materials used, storage and
packing areas, and the like, associated with the manufacture of
products that include the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s). Any inspections
conducted by YYY to ensure that the QUALITY STANDARD provided
herein has been satisfied shall be at the
expense of YYY.
根据YYY的合理要求，公司应提供贴有许可商标用于出样、销售或其它方式处置产品的样品。YYY可要求公司保证产品符合质量标准，在营业时间公司应允许YYY的授权代表合理检查使用许可商标的产品生产有关的设备、公司的操作、生产方式、使用材料、仓储和包装区域等。对于YYY为保证符合质量标准所做的检测，其费用由YYY承担。
3.3 The Company shall deliver to YYY,
upon YYY's request and without charge to YYY, representative
samples of labels, containers, advertisements, catalogs,
letterhead, and the like, containing the name YYY to enable YYY to
ensure that such name is used only in a manner set forth on
Schedule A.
在YYY的要求下，公司免费向YYY或其代理提供印YYY名字标贴、外包装、广告、目录、信头等，使YYY确信YYY名字是按附件A规定的方式在使用。
3.4 YYY shall have the right to impose on the Company, as
necessary, other specifications or requirements not provided for
under this&
Article to maintain control over the COMPANY BUSINESS to ensure the
requisite QUALITY STANDARD with respect to products manufactured by
the Company that include the LICENSED RADEMARK(s).
为了维持对公司企业的控制，确保质量标准，在必要时，YYY有权要求公司在生产使用许可商标的产品时采用新的规格和标准。
ARTICLE 4- DURATION OF LICENSE AND
TERMINATION第四条许可和终止期限
4.1 This Agreement and the license
granted herein shall be
effective as of the closing of the
IPO, and shall terminate upon the earlier of (i) one year following
the date thereof and (ii) termination pursuant to this Article
本协议和授权许可从IPO结束起生效，（1）从生效日起一年后终止（2）根据第四条终止。
4.2 In the event that the Company
breaches any provision of this Agreement, including but not limited
to failure by the Company to comply with the QUALITY STANDARD
established under Article 3, YYY shall have the right to terminate
the license granted if (i) it has given written notice to the
Company of such breach and (ii) such breach shall be continuing one
month from the date of such notice.
公司违反本协议规定，包括但不限于公司不能符合第三条确定的质量标准，（1）如YYY发出违约的书面通知（2）从通知之日起上述违约持续一个月，则YYY有权终止许可。
4.3 YYY shall have the right to
immediately terminate this Agreement, or any or all licenses
granted herein, upon written notice to the Company in the event of
a winding-up, sale, consolidation or merger where the Company is
not the survivor, or any sequestration by governmental authority of
the Company.
如公司因结业、出售、合并、兼并而不存在或被政府部门没收，YYY有权在收到书面通知后及时终止本协议或一项或全部许可授权。
4.4 Upon the termination of this
Agreement, the Company agrees& to (i) promptly
discontinue all use of LICENSED TRADEMARK(s) and/or any similar
trade name which contain "YYY" as a part thereof and (ii) promptly
take all steps to refrain from using the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s) in
advertising, commercial registers, directories, internet and
web-sites, telephone listings, and all
other similar listings.
一旦合同终止，公司同意（1）及时终止使用许可商标或类似带“YYY”商标名称（2）及时采取措施阻止许可商标在广告、商业注册、目录、互联网和网页、电话簿等上的使用。
&&&ARTICLE
5 & PROTECTION第五条保护
5.1 The Company shall promptly notify
YYY of any and all infringements, imitations, simulations or other
illegal use or misuse of the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s) which come to
the Company's attention. As the sole owner of the LICENSED
TRADEMARK(s), YYY shall determine whether to take any action to
prevent the infringement, imitation, simulation or other illegal
use or misuse of the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s). If YYY elects not to
take such action, the Company may take such action at the Company's
expense if it has received YYY's prior written approval to take
such action. In this event, YYY shall, at the Company's expense,
cooperate in such action with the Company including, without
limitation, joining as a party. Any money recovered by way of
damages or otherwise with respect to such action shall be kept by
the party which bore the
or, in any case
where the parties have shared the costs, such money shall be shared
in proportion to the costs borne by each party.
如公司发现任何侵犯、模仿、冒充或其它违法或不当使用许可商标行为的，应及时通知YYY。作为许可商标的唯一所有人，YYY应决定是否采取措施阻止侵犯、模仿、冒充或其它违法或不当使用许可商标的行为。如YYY没有采取措施，公司可获得YYY书面许可后采取相应行动，费用由公司承担。如YYY与公司联合采取行动（包括但不限于），则费用由YYY承担。通过采取相应措施所获得的赔偿或其它金额，由支付诉讼费的一方承担，如诉讼费是由双方共同承担的，则按比例获得相应的赔偿金
5.2 The Company shall render YYY all
reasonable assistance in
connection with any matter pertaining
to the protection, enforcement or infringement of LICENSED
TRADEMARK(s) used by the Company, whether in the courts,
administrative or quasi-judicial agencies, or otherwise.
有关许可商标的保护、履行、侵权，无论是在法庭、行政或准司法部门或其它部门，公司应给予YYY合理的帮助，
&&&&&&&&&&&&
6- NEW TRADEMARKS新商标
6.1 Should the Company desire to develop a trademark using
"YYY" in any form other than the LICENSED TRADEMARKS, it must first
consult with and obtain the written approval of YYY, which may be
withheld in its sole discretion. Such newly developed trademarks
will be registered in the name of YYY, and will be deemed to be
LICENSED TRADEMARK(s) licensed to the Company hereunder and will be
subject to all of the terms and conditions of this Agreement. Such
approval will not be contingent upon the payment of any fee or
royalties to YYY; however, the cost of obtaining and maintaining
such new trademarks shall be borne solely by the
如公司拟用YYY名字以任何非许可商标的形式发展商标，必须与YYY协商并征得同意，YYY有权自主决定是否同意。这个以YYY名字的新商标应视为本协议项下被许可的商标，应符合本协议的条款和条件。公司不需要支付任何费用和许可费，但获得和维持该商商标的费用由公司自行承担。
&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&ARTICLE
7-INDEMNIFICATION补偿
7.1 The Company agrees to indemnify
and hold harmless YYY and its directors, officers and employees
from any and all claims for damage or injury to persons or property
or for loss of life whereby YYY has been& found liable to any
third party under any product liability, tort liability or similar
action arising out of or in connection with the use by the Company
of the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s).
公司同意，因由商标许可引发或与其相关，任何第三方向YYY
和它的董事、管理人员、雇员提出的任何有关产品质量责任和侵权或类似的诉讼索赔，由公司承担赔偿责任并不损害YYY的利益。
7.2 YYY agrees to indemnify and hold
harmless the Company and its directors, officers and employees from
any and all claims of a third party arising out of or in connection
with any claim that the Company's use of the LICENSED TRADEMARK(s)
violates the rights of such third party to such LICENSED
TRADEMARK(s).
YYY同意，因公司由使用许可商标引发或与其相关，任何第三方向公司、董事、管理人员、雇员提出索赔，YYY承担赔偿责任并不损害公司的利益。
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&ARTICLE
8- MISCELLANEOUS其它
8.1 Entire Agreement. This Agreement
(including the Schedule constituting a part of this Agreement) and
any other writing signed by the parties that specifically
references this Agreement constitute the entire agreement among the
parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede all
prior agreements, understandings and negotiations, both written and
oral, between the parties with respect to the subject matter
hereof. This Agreement is not intended to confer upon any Person
other than the parties hereto any rights or remedies
hereunder.
合同整体。本协议（包括附件构成本协议一部分）和任何其它由双方签订的有关本协议特殊事项的书面文件构成本协议的全部文件，并替代所有本协议签订之前的协议、备忘录、商议，不论书面或口头。本协议无意授予本协议双方以外的任何人任何权利或救济方法。
8.2 Assignability. This Agreement may
not be assigned nor transferred by the Company without the prior
consent of YYY.
权利转让。没有YYY的事先书面同意，本协议的权利不得转让。
8.3 Extension of Rights. All rights
and obligations incurred hereunder by YYY or the Company shall
extend to and be binding upon their respective domestic and
international divisions, subsidiaries, other controlled companies,
affiliates and related entities.
权利的延伸：本协议引起的公司与YYY的权利和义务应延伸至并对各自的国内国外部门、子公司、其它被其控制的公司、下属单位和其它实体有约束力。
8.4 Waiver. The waiver by YYY of a
breach of any provision contained herein shall be in writing and
shall in no way be construed as a waiver of any subsequent breach
of such provision or the waiver of the provision itself.
弃权：YYY放弃对任何违约行为的追究都应以书面形式，
8.5 Disclaimer of Agency, Partnership
and Joint Venture. Nothing in this Agreement shall constitute or be
deemed to constitute a partnership or joint venture between the
parties hereto or constitute or be deemed to constitute any party
the agent or employee of the other party for any purpose whatsoever
and neither party shall have authority or power to bind the other
or to contract in the name of, or create a liability against, the
other in any way
or for any purpose.
非代理、合伙、联营关系：无论出于何种目的，本协议不构成或不被视为构成了合伙或联营关系，或不构成或不应视为构成一方是另一方的代理人或员工。任何一方没有权力约束另一方，也没有权力以另一方的名义使其承担责任。
8.6 Severability. If any provision of
this Agreement shall be invalid or unenforceable, such invalidity
or unenforceability shall not render the entire Agreement invalid.
Rather, the Agreement shall be construed as if not containing the
particular invalid or unenforceable provision, and the rights and
obligations of each party shall be construed and enforced
accordingly.
切断原则：本协议的任何条款无效或不可执行，不会导致整份协议的无效或不可执行。本协议应被视为不存在无效或不可执行条款的情况下解释，任何一方的权利和义务也应做相应的解释。
8.7 Notices. Any notice, instruction,
direction or demand under the terms of this Agreement required to
be in writing will be duly given upon delivery, if delivered by
hand, facsimile transmission, inte rcompany mail, or mail, to the
following addresses:
通知：任何通知、指导、要求、指示都应以书面形式，适当地交付。如亲自、或通过传真、内部邮件、电子邮件，应按下列地址交付：
or to such other addresses or
telecopy numbers as may be specified by like notice to the other
或一方提供给另一方地址或电话号码。
8.8 Governing Law. This Agreement
shall be construed in accordance with and governed by the
substantive internal laws of the State of Delaware.
管辖法律。本协议应根据特拉华州的法律解释和管辖。
8.9. Arbitration.
Any controversy or claim arising
hereunder that cannot be resolved by the parties themselves, shall
be settled by arbitration in Muskegon, Michigan or such other
location as the parties may mutually agree, in accordance with the
Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration
Association. Any award rendered thereon shall be in writing and
shall be final and binding on the parties and judgment may be
entered thereon in any court of competent jurisdiction. Each party
shall bear its own costs and expenses in connection with the
arbitration and the costs and expenses of the arbitrators shall be
borne as determined by the arbitrator.
任何争议或索赔，不能自行解决的，应根据美国仲裁协会商业仲裁规则，在Muskegon, Michigan或其它双方同意的其它地方进行仲。裁决应是书面的，对双方有最终的、有约束力的。任何一方应各自承担与仲裁有关的费用，仲裁费由仲裁庭裁定。
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties
hereto have caused this Agreement to be& executed by their
duly authorized officers or agents as of the day and year first
above written.
双方由合法授权代理人于上述日期签订本协议，特此为证。
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&>&&>&3D打印在汽车领域的知识产权问题研究_孔晨岑
3D打印在汽车领域的知识产权问题研究_孔晨岑
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文章编号：（00-03
SCI-TECHINFORMATIONDEVELOPMENT＆ECONOMY2015年第25卷第11期
收稿日期：
3D打印在汽车领域的知识产权问题研究
（黑龙江大学信息管理学院，黑龙江哈尔滨，150080）
要：介绍了3D打印的原理，阐述了3D打印在未来汽车领域的发展趋势，详细分
析了3D打印在未来汽车领域存在的知识产权问题，提出了3D打印汽车领域知识产权问题的防范措施。
关键词：3D打印；汽车领域；知识产权中图分类号：G203
文献标识码：A
小，汽车零部件生产量少，在维修更换零部件时，不仅成本较高，还时常处于缺货状态。而我国及一些发达国家规定，只要通过交警部门定期检测，汽车使用时长没有限制。这种取消强制报废的规定，对于一些已经停产退市的老款车型，相关零部件生产企业不可能保持一定的供应量，造成配件供应的短缺，维修问题凸显，造成资源浪费。相关企业和个人可以利用3D打印技术，对一些老款车型或销量较少的车型的相关零部件进行3D扫描，将相关参数进行储存，当需要利用时，可以采用3D打印技术进行零件复制，以最低的成本解决这一问题。3D打印汽车技术的利用使汽车生产过程中供应链运输由原材料、零配件、整车变为原材料运输和整车向市场运输，降低了车企的生产成本。
现阶段，3D打印技术的发展十分迅速，正在颠覆人们所熟知的世界。2014年，世界第一辆3D打印汽车走上纽约街头，这辆由“本地汽车”公司打造的3D打印汽车只有两个座位，名字叫“斯特拉迪”，它的制作周期为44h，并且最高时速可以达到80km/h［1］。汽车的发展随着近年来以我国为主的发展中国家消费量的攀升达到一个前所未有的高度。在以市场促技术的今天，多元化、普遍性的汽车消费，促使汽车产业自身进行变革，而3D打印技术的兴起，无疑会促进汽车产业达到下一个辉煌。但同时，3D打印技术的易用性与普遍性使知识产权保护问题凸显。
13D打印的原理
现在生活中所普遍使用的打印机的打印材料是纸张和墨
而3D打印利用激光技术，将金盒，只可以打印普通平面物体，属、碳纤维、塑料等材料根据已设计好的3D数字模型，层层叠加打印，形成所需物体。该技术可以细分成以下5类技术：3D喷墨打印技术、熔积成型技术、选择性激光烧结技术、电子束熔炼技术、聚乙烯挤出打印技术［2］。其特点是原理简单，只要拥有相关材料，较容易运用及复制。通过不同技术、不同材料的运用，现阶段3D打印技术已经趋于成熟，从简单的珠宝、牙齿到今天较为复杂的汽车，未来3D打印将更容易影响人们的生活。
33D打印在未来汽车领域存在的知识产权问题
了解了3D打印的原理和操作方式，我们可以发现其会造成
较为明显的知识产权保护问题，主要涉及计算机数字3D模型设计的版权问题和3D打印产品的专利权问题。因此，3D打印与现有的专利、工业设计、著作权和商标等法律制度息息相关；其中最核心的应该是3D打印模型的法律性质及由此而引申出的“复制”与“合理使用”问题［3］。3.13D打印的设计著作权问题
3D打印技术最突出的优势就是利用计算机3D数字模型进行多种多样的造型设计，这更多地体现在车辆外观方面。一般来说，3D打印技术包括两个方面，一个是计算机数字3D模型设计作品，另一个是3D打印出来的物体。而计算机数字3D模型设计就涉及版权问题，设计作品受到版权保护，这是毋庸置疑的。而汽车的设计不同于一般的珠宝、玩具的设计，其车身的设计，尺寸、弧度、样式均影响自身的风阻系数，不单单是为了美观；而底盘悬架的构造也对舒适性、操控性有决定性影响。现阶段，几乎每个车企都有自身车型的家族设计特点，这种特点几乎成为车辆标志以外另一个识别方式，而这些设计作品都拥有自身的版权。3D打印技术的兴起，在扩展了人们思维设计意识的同时，也使得一些汽车厂商和个人更容易剽窃其他车企的产品设计作品。一个好的作品本身由若干个设计灵感构成，这些灵感当中的某一个或几个无疑会成为一个产品的卖点之一，而这些设计作
23D打印在未来汽车领域的发展趋势
汽车已经走进千家随着经济的发展，人们生活水平的提高，
万户。以我国为主的众多发展中国家汽车市场的兴起，更为全球汽车市场提供了活力。据统计，截至2009年，我国乘用车销售量已达1200万辆，超过美国，成为全球第一大汽车消费市场。伴随着市场水平的提升，市场竞争加强，以消费者为主导的消费方式正在凸显，产品的多元化及价格水平影响着企业的生存发展。消费观念的变化也使消费者的个性需求需要在产品中体现。而3D打印的汽车产品可以提供多样的造型设计，促进新材料的运用，恰好顺应了这种发展趋势。同时，3D打印可以免去各种模具、机床等固定资本投资，降低生产成本，促进新材料的产品运用，间接降低车价，促进汽车市场的新技术、多元化生产发展格局。此外，一些新上市车型及限量发售的车型，由于自身的保有量较100
品的版权保护问题需要高度注意。3.2
3D打印的专利权问题
3D打印技术主要包括上文提及的3D喷墨打印技术、熔积成型技术等相关技术，时至今日，这些技术早已经申请并获得专利。其他厂商及个人想要运用这些技术，无疑涉及专利权问题，只有得到授权的群体和个人，方可使用。材料是汽车产业一个重要的话题，如何发现并运用新材料，在提高车身刚性的同时降低车辆重量，获得更好的动力性及燃油经济性，是众多汽车厂商需要解决的问题。3D打印的过程就是一个制造的过程，新材料的运用同打印技术类型一样，适用于当前专利法。在3D打印汽车的过程中，在未经专利拥有人许可，使用其所拥有的专利打印技术和专利材料技术，制造3D打印的相关车辆产品及零部件，给专利权人带来的侵害应依据专利法进行追责。3.3
3D打印的商标权问题
注册商标一般来说分成两种形式：平面图形商标和三维立体商标。3D打印涉及的商标侵权包括两种方式：一个是3D打印出的实物直接使用他人已注册商标或直接连同他人商品的注册商标及商品实物进行高仿。另一个形式是对吉祥物、宣传公仔等一些3D立体注册商标进行直接3D打印，用于宣传或作为商品出售。虽然这种侵权形式伪装在3D打印这个新技术的外衣下，其本质还是传统的注册商标方面的侵权形式。3.4
3D打印的不正当竞争问题
3D打印的特性要求设计制作者需要先拥有目标3D打印物体的计算机3D打印设计数字模型数据，这可以通过公开招标或向其他厂商购买等渠道合法获取，但对于没有合法获取的车身、发动机零部件、底盘悬架等数字模型数据可以通过对目标实体进行扫描，从而得出相关物体的数字模型数据。根据《最高人民法院关于审理不正当竞争民事案件应用法律若干问题的解释》的规定，通过自行开发研制或者通过技术手段从公开渠道取得的产品进行拆卸、测绘、分析等而获得产品有关技术信息的，不对目标实物构成对他人商业秘密的侵犯［4］。根据这种法律规定，
并不构成不正当竞争侵进行3D扫描获得相关的数据模型参数，权，这无疑加重了相关产品的价值风险。
熟稳定。而3D打印的实物立体扫描技术，可以轻易获得其他车企的各种新的设计作品。这种行为本质上来说是对著作权的侵犯。而当前法律法规下，这种行为还是“合法”的。所以，针对这一问题，国家有关部门应及时修改完善相关法律法规，明确实物3D扫描获取相关参数的行为是对著作权的侵犯，对这种行为加以打击、约束，更好地促进3D打印在汽车领域的发展。4.2
提高3D打印技术手段并从厂商自身杜绝侵犯知识产权有报道称某企业将一份关于新的3D打印相关系统的专利向美国专利与商标局（U.S.Patent＆Tardemkaroffice）递交申请专该系统可以自动识别用户3D打印实物的用途是否违法并利［5］。
加以限制，如武器等。而在3D打印汽车方面，可以开发一种打印系统，自动识别打印的3D实物是否侵犯他人的知识产权，如宝马的天使眼大灯、大众MQB平台相关特征等。此外，相关3D打印机制造厂商可以明确限定打印机打印模型的范围，引进一种加密防解锁模式，从限定范围对3D打印的实物范围进行控制。例如，厂家购买一种3D打印机，只能生产某几种或一定数量内的3D实物。但这种方式只是让3D打印技术改变生产方式，对设计上天马行空的支持力度有所欠缺，在保护知识产权的同时一定程度上限制3D打印的发展。4.3
建立3D模型数据库并在行政上规范3D打印行业有关国家汽车产业主管单位，如中国乘用车生产联合会，或者国家知识产权管理部门，可以针对汽车行业3D打印的发展，制定相关3D打印领域的行业规范，对3D打印过程侵犯知识产权的行为进行严密管控。如建立汽车领域的知识产权产品参数设计库，将已有的车身设计、底盘设计、发动机设计、轮毂等汽车零部件的参数及造型实物录入数据库，并要求在厂家大型3D打印机加装知识产权保护系统，实时与数据库相连接，自动与数据库中已有的实物进行参数及实物对比，确定是否侵权。如若侵权，3D打印机则自动停止进行相关工作或严格控制实物打印数量，将3D打印的知识产权侵权可能性降到最低。如某一厂商设计了一款车辆外形，将相关参数录入3D打印机内，打印机自动连接知识产权产品参数设计库，识别相似比，选择是否进行打印或选择打印数量，小规模的打印可以用于厂商以于商业销售为目的的自身研发实验。
43D打印汽车知识产权问题的防范
3D打印技术的快速发展让世界上众多专家学者意识到随着
新科技的发展在促进社会发展进步方面具有很大的影响
技术的更新，知识产权保护相关的法律法规已经跟不上时代的发展。这种颠覆传统制造业生产形式的新技术改变的是整个社会的发展格局，有专家将其称为第三次工业革命。未来在这种模式下，每个人都是设计者甚至是生产者，但如何规避和控制3D打印技术带来的对知识产权的侵权，更好地促进3D打印技术科学合理快速发展，是需要注意的问题。4.1
完善法律并明确界定3D扫描获得数据的著作权
现阶段法律的完善远远落后于高新技术发展的速度，当前汽车领域，各厂商有的以技术为先导，有的以市场为先导。技术型车企在投入大量人力、物力进行新产品研发的同时，也引领汽车的更新换代。而以日系为主的市场型车企，其企业理念就是成
力，未来3D打印会颠覆现代相关汽车制造业，对车辆新技术的更新、整车制造生产力发展的提高影响深远。针对这一未来趋势，相关部门与专家学者应该联合起来，深入思考，制定合理的法律法规，规范与3D打印相关的著作权、商标权、专利权方面的法律法规，趋利避害，将3D打印在汽车领域发展过程中可能出现的相关侵权问题从根本上杜绝，更好地促进3D打印这样一个新技术在汽车领域的发展，适应当今消费者多元化的消费观念，重塑汽车产业的辉煌。
［1］新浪．首款3D打印车试行：全车仅40个零件时速80公里
．http://slide..cn/d/slide＿5＿［EB/OL］［．］453＿53274.html＃p＝1．
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［3］马忠法．3D打印中的知识产权问题［J］．电子知识产权，2014（5）：30－38．
［4］袁博．3D打印的知识产权侵权风险及对合理使用制度的影响［J］．中华商标，2014（2）：21－24．
［5］MichaelWeinberg．What’stheDealwithcopyrightand3Dprinting?［EB/OL］.（）．http://www.publicknowledge.org/files/What％27s％20the％20Deal％20with％20Copyright＿％20Final％20version2.pdf．
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第一作者简介：孔晨岑，男，1993年8月生，现为黑龙江大学信息管理学院图书情报专业2014级在读硕士研究生，黑龙江省哈尔滨市南岗区黑龙江大学，150080．
（责任编辑：曲磊）
StudyontheIntellectualPropertyIssueof3DPrintinginAutomotiveField
KONGChencen
ABSTRACT:Thispaperintroducestheprinciplesof3Dprinting,expoundsthedevelopmenttrendsof3Dprintinginthefutureautomotivefield,analyzesindetailtheintellectualpropertyissuesexistinginthefutureautomotivefield,andputsforwardsomepreventivemeasuresfortheintellectualpropertyof3Dprintinginautomotivefield.KEYWORDS:3Dintellectualproperty
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BibliometricAnalysisonCharacteristicsoftheHighly－Cited
PapersonTendersinCNKIDatabase
LIUBuping,YEShaoxia,PANHuafeng,YUEHongmei,LIAOZhuonan
Objective:Toanalyzethebibliometriccharacteristicsofhighly－citedpapersontendersinChina.Methods:ABSTRACT：
TosearchtheresearchpapersontenderspublishedfromandcollectedinCNKI’sChineseacademicjournalfull－textdatabase,andidentifythehighlycitedpapersaccordingtothePricelaw,andbyusingExcel2010，tocarryoutastatisticalanalysisonthecitedfrequency，Citedtheyear，citedjournals，authors,institutions，keywordsandfunds.Results:Totally641papersontendersareidentifiedashighly－citedones，whicharecitedforatotalof14689times，rangingfrom12to255（eachcited22.92timesonaverage）.Thenumberofthepublishedpapersisincreasedinaformofthecurveyearbyyearfrom1986,reachingthepeak（97papers）in2004,andisdecreasedyearbyyear.Thepapersaredistributedin265journals，amongwhich，ConstructionEconomics（CE）ranksthefirstinaspectsofthenumberofpaperspublishedandtotalcitationfrequency，andJournalofSystemsScienceandInformation（JSSI）topsthelistoftheaveragecitedfrequencyperpaper.Thesepaperswerewrittenby1007authors，signed1166person－times，withatotalcoauthoringrateof51.79％,andthesignednumberofZhangJinlongisinthefirstplace.Theauthorsarefrom408institutions，amongwhichthecollegesanduniversitiesaccountfor50.25％,andcollegesanduniversitiesaccountfor94.12％ofthe17keyinstitutions，andamongwhich,TianjinUniversitystandsfirstonthelistofthenumberofthesignedpapersandthenumberofreducedpapers.Atotalof1336keywordsareinvolved，andused2942times，with“tenders”，“tenders＆bids”，“bidassessments”，“tendersandbids”，and“billofquantities”areasthetop5intheusefrequency.107papersaresupportedby139funds，inwhich38.85％ofthemarefromthenationalorprovincialnaturalsciencefunds.Conclusion：ThehighlycitedpapersontendersinCNKIarecharacterizedbyCEasauthoritativejournals，thecollegesanduniversitiesarethekeyinstitutionsoftheauthors，thebidassessmentsforconstructionprojectsarethemainresearchsubject，andthenaturalsciencefundisthechiefsourceofthefunds，andZhangJinlongisarepresentativecoreauthor.However，theuseofkeywordsislessstandard,thesupportedfundsareinsufficient,andanannualincreaseofthenumberofpublishedpaperswillcontinuetoreduce.
KEYWORDS:highly－CNKI;bibliometricanalysis
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