Apache Harmony is Dead. OpenJDK Wins Open Source Java Battle.
From the 'Good Ideas that Failed' files:
Remember Apache Harmony? The Apache Software Foundation led effort to build a fully open source implementation of Java?
Guess what? The project is now (mostly) dead and that's not good news.
In a vote, Apache Harmony developers decided to move Harmony to the Attic, essentially shelving the project that once held the prospect of being the leading light in the open source Java world.
Back in 2005,
effort was seen as being essential for open source development. Things have changed since then, Sun open sourced Java, Oracle acquired Sun. And oh yeah both Red Hat and IBM now back the OpenJDK open source implementation of Java effort.
The ascendancy of OpenJDK has probably led some to think about why Apache Harmony might have been necessary. That said, one needs to look no further than Apache Tomcat to see why Apache really could have done something great, that is if IBM and others didn't abandon Harmony.
Functionally the OpenJDK works and is the home of open source Java, though the Apache Software Foundation itself still has issues with the JCP (which they quit). The failure of Harmony is not a failure of open source necessarily. Java today is open source, which it wasn't back in 2005 when Harmony got started. Harmony's failure has to more with OpenJDK's success.
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By &Invest Like an Institution,& we mean that Griffin Institutional Access Real Estate Fund enables individuals to invest in an investment structure (a combination of private real estate funds and public real estate securities) frequently chosen by institutions, large and small, as their preferred structure for real estate investments. We also mean the Fund is managed by sub-advisors who only advise institutions. Finally, we mean that investors in this Fund invest alongside numerous institutions such as pension funds and a portion of their dollars are invested in the same private equity real estate funds as those owned by institutions.
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The investment funds and managers listed herein are a representative sample of the investment funds and managers in which the Griffin Institutional Access Real Estate Fund is invested in as of 12/31/2015: Stockbridge Smart Markets Fund 11.50%; Sentinel Real Estate Fund 11.02%; Guggenheim US Property Fund 9.50%; MEPT Edgemoor 5.22%; RREEF America REIT II 4.85%.; Simon Property Group Inc. 0.74%; Welltower Inc. 0.54%; Public Storage 0.47%; Boston Properties Inc. 0.47%; AvalonBay Communities Inc. 0.44%. Neither Griffin Institutional Access Real Estate Fund, Griffin Capital nor ALPS Distributors, Inc. is affiliated with any investment fund or manager listed herein.
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Not to be confused with .
"RAND" redirects here. For other uses, see .
RAND Corporation (Research ANd Development) is an American
global policy
originally formed by
to offer research and analysis to the . It is financed by the   and private , corporations including the ,
and private individuals. The organization has expanded to work with other governments, private foundations, international organizations, and commercial organizations on a host of non-defense issues. RAND aims for interdisciplinary and quantitative problem solving via translating
concepts from formal
into novel applications in other areas, that is, via
of the RAND Corporation.
RAND has approximately 1,700 employees. Its American locations include:
(headquarters); ; , ; and , . The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has an office in , . RAND Europe is located in , , and , . RAND Australia is located in , .
RAND is home to the , one of the eight original graduate programs in
and the first to offer a . The program aims to have practical value in that students work with RAND analysts on real-world problems. The campus is at RAND's Santa Monica research facility. The Pardee RAND School is the world's largest Ph.D.-granting program in policy analysis. Unlike many other universities, all Pardee RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships to cover their education costs. This allows them to dedicate their time to engage in research projects and provides them on-the-job training. RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and outsiders to assist in conducting research for RAND projects. Most of these projects are short-term and are worked on independently with the mentoring of a RAND staff member.
RAND publishes the , a
journal of economics.
Thirty-two recipients of the , primarily in the fields of economics and physics, have been involved or associated with RAND at some point in their career.
General , commander of the , established Project RAND with the objective of looking into long-range planning of future weapons. In March 1946
was granted the contract to research on intercontinental warfare by adopting . In May 1946 the
was released. In May 1948, Project RAND separated from Douglas and became an independent
as Douglas Aircraft feared it would create conflicts of interest jeopardizing future hardware contracts. Initial capital for the split was provided by the .
RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California
RAND was created after individuals in the , the , and industry began to discuss the need for a private organization to connect military planning with research and development decisions. On October 1, 1945, Project RAND was set up under special contract to the
and began operations in December 1945, expending a total of $640 in its first month of operation. By late 1947, Project RAND considered operating as a separate organization from
and in the February of 1948, the Chief of Staff of the newly created United States Air Force wrote a letter to the president of the Douglas Aircraft Company that approved the evolution of Project RAND into a nonprofit corporation, independent of Douglas. On May 14, 1948, RAND was incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of California and on November 1, 1948, the Project RAND contract was formally transferred from the Douglas Aircraft Company to the RAND Corporation.
Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care. Its most visible contribution may be the doctrine of
(MAD), developed under the guidance of then-Defense Secretary
and based upon their work with . Chief strategist
also posited the idea of a "winnable" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book . This led to Kahn being one of the models for the titular character of the film .
RAND was incorporated as a non-profit organization to "further promote scientific, educational, and charitable purposes, all for the public welfare and security of the United States of America". Its self-declared mission is "to help improve policy and decision making through research and analysis", using its "core values of quality and objectivity".
RAND Corporation,
The achievements of RAND stem from its development of . Important contributions are claimed in space systems and the United States' , in computing and in . RAND researchers developed many of the principles that were used to build the . RAND also contributed to the development and use of .
Current areas of expertise include: child policy,
and , education, health, international policy, , national security, infrastructure, energy, environment, corporate governance, economic development, intelligence policy, long-range planning, crisis management and disaster preparation,
and , science and technology, , terrorism, arts policy, and transportation.
RAND designed and conducted one of the largest and most important studies of health insurance between 1974 and 1982. The , funded by the then-U.S. , established an insurance corporation to compare demand for health services with their cost to the patient.
According to the 2005 annual report, "about one-half of RAND's research involves national security issues". Many of the events in which RAND plays a part are based on assumptions which are hard to verify because of the lack of detail on RAND's highly classified work for defense and intelligence agencies. The RAND Corporation posts all of its unclassified reports in full on its website.
, consultant to the RAND Corporation.
: General, United States Air Force
: economist, won the , developed the
and space scientist
: mathematician, , won the .
: Chairman of the Board,
: one of the developers of
which was used in
: Mathematician known for his work on
: worked in interactive computer graphics with the RAND Corporation in the 1960s and had helped define the
in the early phases of that program
: physicist, leading nuclear weapons effects expert
: Military strategist and nuclear architect
: inventor of the
: astronaut
: mathematician, creator of the
: co-director, School Redesign Network
: Author of the book
: President, , RAND founder
: philosopher and critic of artificial intelligence
: economist and leaker of the
: academic and author of
: Chairman of the Board, , ; known for the .
, French officer and scholar
: Chairman of the Board, 2009–present, former publisher, The ; Former Senior Vice President, , Inc.
: terrorism expert, Senior Advisor to the President of the RAND Corporation, and author of
: theorist on
and one of the founders of
: research analyst and author, co-wrote open letter to U.S. government in 1969 recommending withdrawal from Vietnam war
: U.S. ambassador to United Nations
Winner (1973)
: Chairman of the Board, April 2004 – 2009; Chairman Emeritus, The Aspen Institute
: United States Vice-President 's former Chief of Staff
: Former ambassador, governor
: sculptor
: economist, greatly advanced financial portfolio theory by devising mean variance analysis,
: military strategist, director of the U.S. DoD Office of Net Assessment
: U.S. anthropologist
: former Google CIO & President of EMI's digital music division
: Chairman of the board,
: Chairman of the board,
: mathematician, won the
: mathematician, pioneer of the modern
: artificial intelligence
: Chairman of the board,
: winner of the 2006
: Chief engineer, , RAND founder
: former intern, former trustee (), and former Secretary of State for the United States
: RAND President and Chief Executive Officer, Nov. 1, 2011–present
: academic and humorist, helped set up the social sciences division of RAND
: Chairman of board from 1981 to –1996 and secretary of defense for the United States from 1975 to 1977 and 2001 to 2006.
: advocate of the
: economist,
: economist, won the 2005
: former secretary of defense and former secretary of energy
: lawyer, businessman and CEO of LRN
: mathematician, co-author of the Rice–Shapiro theorem, MH Email and RAND-Abel co-designer
: mathematician and game theorist, won the
: inventor of the linked list and co-author of the first artificial intelligence program
: former Director of the Pentagon's
: Political scientist, psychologist, won the 1978
: Deputy National Security Advisor to Bill Clinton
: Chairman Emeritus of
: RAND president and CEO, 1989 – Oct. 31, 2011
co-designer, and early computer privacy pioneer
: Chairman of the Board,
: economist, won the 2009
: mathematician and Cold-War strategist
: policy analyst and military historian
Over the last 60 years, more than 30
winners have been involved or associated with the RAND Corporation at some point in their careers.
(published by RAND)
Medvetz, Thomas (2012). . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 26.   2015.
. RAND Corp 2015.
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. RAND Corp 2015.
. Pardee RAND Graduate School 2014.
. RAND Corp 2013.
Sarabi, Brigette (1 January 2005). . Partnership for Safety and Justice (PSJ) 2008.
Institute of Politics. . Harvard University.
Johnson, Stephen B (2002).
(PDF). Diane Publishing. p. 32.   2015.
Jardini, David R. (2013). . p. 10.
Twing, Steven W. (1998). . Lynne Rienner Publishers.  .
Hanks, Robert (19 December 2007). . The Independent.
(10 October 2004). . New York Times.
Davies, Merton E.; Hams, William R. (September 1988).
(PDF). RAND Corp 2015.
. Internet Hall of Fame. Internet Society. .
Perla, Peter P. (1990). . Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. pp. 114–118.   2015.
Perry, Walter L.; Pirnie, Bruce R.; Gordon, John (1999). . Santa Monica, CA: RAND.   2015.
. RAND Corp 2015.
. RAND Corp 2015.
Herdman, Roger C.; Behney, Clyde J. (September 1993).
(PDF). Benefit Design in Health Care Reform: Patient Cost-Sharing (): 23–38 2015.
Life Magazine, 25 February 1957, "Passing of a Great Mind", by Clay Bair JR. pages 89–104
Alex Roland and Philip Shiman, Strategic Computing: DARPA and the Quest for Machine Intelligence, , The MIT Press, 2002,
Nina Tannenwald, The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), 2007,
Dole, Stephen H. (2007).
(New RAND ed.). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp.   2015.
. RAND Corporation (free PDFs).
. Books.google.nl.
(12 May 2003). . .
. . Retrieved on .
. Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire (2008,
. Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism (2003,
. Cold War Laboratory: RAND, the Air Force, and the American State,
hardcover, part of the Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight S )
(editors). Systems, Experts, and Computers: The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, World War II and After (2000,
hardcover, part of the Dibner Institute Studies in the History of Science and T
/ 2011, paper ).
David Jardini. Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy,
(2013, S Amazon K ).
. The Wizards of Armageddon (1983,
hardcover,
paperback, part of the Stanford Nuclear Age S ).
(editors), Systems Analysis and Policy Planning: Applications in Defense (1968,
hardcover).
. The RAND Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation (1966, Harvard University Press / 1969; ).
. History and Strategy (1991,
. La Rand Corporation (2013,
Amazon Kindle ;
Clifford, Peggy, ed. . , October 27, 1999 – November 2, 1999. Five-part series includes: ; ; ; ; & . Accessed 15 April 2008.
Specht, R.D. "Rand: A Personal View of Its History," Operations Research, vol. 8, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 1960), pp. 825–839.
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