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Sony/ATV Music Publishing is the largest
company in the world and is co-owned by
and The Estate of .
The company was originally founded as
(ATV) in 1955 by . In 1985, ATV Music Publishing was sold to
for $47.5 million. , who had told Jackson about the importance of owning publishing, admitted he felt somewhat undercut by the
because ATV Music Publishing owned the publishing rights to most of The Beatles' songs, although he did not enter
when it came up for sale in 1984.
In December 1995, Michael Jackson agreed to merge ATV Music Publishing with Sony Music Publishing, a division of , to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing. In 2012 an investor consortium led by Sony/ATV Music Publishing acquired
for approximately $2.2 billion. Sony/ATV Music Publishing and EMI Music Publishing now operate as one company, with the former entity administering the catalog of the latter under a complex business structure. Following the acquisition, Sony/ATV Music Publishing is now the largest music publishing company in the world with over 2 million songs under management.
Sony/ATV was originally founded as a subsidiary of the UK's Associated Television (ATV). ATV operated a commercial television company, broadcasting from 1955 in London (until 1968) and the
as part of the
(ITV) network.
Business tycoon Louis Benjamin was involved with
as part of one of the three major record companies in the UK at the time. The company was
which, along with
and (the British) , accounted for the vast majority of music records sold in the UK. In 1959, ATV acquired 50% of Pye Records. Between them, Grade and Benjamin held most of the . ATV Music Publishing was created to exploit the catalogue of songs written by artists on the Pye Record label, and for the themes to ITC and ATV television programmes. The UK rights to some of the
music from the US were also bought by ATV. Grade established ATV's headquarters alongside those of Pye R off Edgware Road, beside the Marble Arch in central London.
John Lennon and Paul McCartney failed to purchase ATV Music Publishing in the late 1960s
The s was a good period for Grade and his brothers,
and , and their companies. Pye Records had major artists
under contract. , , , , and
were some of the artists that recorded for Pye Records. Pye also had contracts with several US companies, allowing them to manufacture and distribute records in the UK.
was among those, and counted
as one of its top artists.
ATV Music acquired the rights to the Lennon–McCartney song catalog, , in 1968. The catalog featured every song written by
until ' legal split in 1971. Northern Songs had been co-owned and administered by
and . Following Epstein's death in 1967, James put the company up for sale. Lennon and McCartney, upset that the songs they had written were not theirs legally, attempted to gain ownership of the publishing rights. Their bid to gain control, part of a long and acrimonious fight, failed. The financial clout of Grade, their adversary in the bidding war, ensured that the music written by the two Beatles passed into the control of ATV.
ATV Music Publishing remained a successful organization in the music industry throughout the 1970s. Len Beadle, the company's chief executive, signed up many songwriters and bought numerous song catalogs. The catalog acquisitions, along with the continuing royalties from Lennon and McCartney, ensured that large amounts of money were frequently coming in for ATV Music Publishing. Despite the success of the music publishing organization, other ventures formed by Grade were not performing as well. Pye Records, which continued to distribute music from artists such as
and , was failing to bring in large amounts of money. The main television arm of ATV lost its government-granted license in its present form and were restructured into .
Michael Jackson acquired ATV Music Publishing in 1985 and merged it with Sony a decade later.
By the mid-1980s, ATV Music Publishing and Pye Records were both up for sale. The companies were bought relatively cheaply by Australian businessman , who acquired Associated Communications Corporation (the parent company) in 1982, asset-stripped the subsidiaries, and sacked many long serving employees before selling the companies on again. During this time, American singer Michael Jackson was recording "" for Paul McCartney's
album. Jackson stayed at the home of McCartney and his wife
during the recording sessions, becoming friendly with both. One evening whilst at the dining table, McCartney brought out a thick, bound notebook displaying all the songs to which he owned the publishing rights. Jackson grew more excited as he examined the pages. He inquired about how to buy songs and what the songs were used for. McCartney explained that music publishing was a way to make big money. Jackson replied by telling McCartney that he would buy The Beatles' songs one day. McCartney laughed, saying "Great. Good joke."
Jackson was first informed that the ATV catalog was up for sale in Sept. 1984 by his attorney, , who had put together Jackson's earlier catalog acquisitions. Warned of the competition he would face in buying such popular songs, Jackson remained resolute in his decision to purchase them. Branca approached McCartney's attorney to query whether the Beatle was planning to bid. The attorney stated he wasn't; it was "too pricey." According to Bert Reuter, who negotiated the sale of ATV Music for Holmes à Court, "We had given Paul McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time." Lennon's widow,
had been contacted as well but also did not enter bidding.
McCartney had previously attempted to purchase the catalog alongside Ono in 1981. He was offered the catalog for ?20 million ($40 million USD) and proposed the pair would each pay ?10 million. Ono refused as she thought it was too high a price. McCartney spoke about the offer at a press conference in April, 1990, explaining that Ono "actually said 'I think we can get it for 5.' So I said, 'Well ok, you know, let's see what we can do.' And we couldn't." Not wanting to buy the songs himself and potentially be seen as being "grabby" for "owning John Lennon's bit of the songs," McCartney let the offer fall through.
The competitors in the 1984 sale of ATV Music included
and ’s New York-based The Entertainment Co., , New York real estate tycoon , and financier Charles Knapp. On Nov. 20, 1984, Jackson sent a bid of $46 million to Holmes à Court. Branca suggested the amount of the bid after having spent time evaluating the earnings of the catalog and learning of another bid for $39 million. Jackson was only interested in the music , but the package also included buildings, a , some studio equipment and
policies on Beatles members (presumably Lennon's was collected ). The two sides signed a non-binding
of mutual interest in Dec. 1984 and Jackson's team began a four-month process of verifying ATV Music's legal documents, financial reports, and every significant composition in the nearly 4000-song catalog.
The two sides began drafting contracts in Jan. 1985 and follow-through meetings began on Mar. 16. Jackson's team described the negotiations as frustrating, with frequent shifts of position by the other side. One Holmes à Court rep described the negotiations as a "game of poker." Jackson's team thought they had reached a deal several times, but new bidders would enter the picture or they would encounter new areas of debate. The prospective deal went through eight drafts. In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from negotiations after having spent hundreds of hours and over $1 million. In June 1985, they learned Koppelman/Bandier had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy the catalog for $50 million.
But in early Aug., Holmes à Court contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson only raised his bid to $47.5 million, but he had the advantage of being able to close the deal faster, having completed
of ATV Music prior to any formal agreement. He also agreed visit Australia as a guest of Holmes à Court and appear on the . Holmes à Court included some more assets and agreed to establish a scholarship in Jackson's name at a U.S. university. Branca closed the deal and purchased ATV Music on Jackson's behalf for $47.5 million on Aug. 10. 1985. In Oct. 1985, Jackson fulfilled his contract provision to visit
and appear on the telethon, where he spoke briefly and met with two children.
In an analysis of the acquisition, the
noted that if "" were to earn $100,000 a year in royalties, the Lennon estate and McCartney would divide 50% $25,000 each. The publisher, Jackson, would receive the other 50%; $50,000. It was mentioned that "Yesterday" probably earns more than $100,000 a year. The publisher would also control the use of the song in films, commercials and stage productions. Jackson went on to use the Beatles' songs in numerous commercials, feeling that it would enable a new generation of fans to enjoy the music. McCartney, who had himself used the
song catalogue in commercials, felt saddened. Privately, Jackson was reported to have expressed exasperation at McCartney' he felt that the musician should have paid for the songs he had written. At the time, McCartney was one of the richest entertainers in the world, with a net worth of $560 million and a royalty income of $41 million. Jackson stated, "If he didn't want to invest $47.5 million in his own songs, then he shouldn't come crying to me now".
Appearing on the
shortly after Jackson died in 2009, McCartney spoke about Jackson's acquisition of the Beatles songs and the impact of it on their relationship:
And which was, you know, that was cool, somebody had to get it, I suppose. What happened actually was then I started to ring him up. I thought, OK, here's the guy historically placed to give Lennon–McCartney a good deal at last. Cuz we got signed when we were 21 or something in a back alley in Liverpool. And the deal, it's remained the same, even though we made this company the most famous…hugely successful. So I kept thinking, it was time for a raise. Well you would, you know. [David Letterman: Yes, I think so.] And so it was great. But I did talk to him about it. But he kind of blanked me on it. He kept saying, "That's just business Paul." You know. So, "yeah it is," and waited for a reply. But we never kind of got to it. And I thought, mmm…So we kind of drifted apart. It was no big bust up. We kind of drifted apart after that. But he was a lovely man, massively talented, and we miss him.
Ono was pleased that Jackson had acquired Northern Songs and called it a "blessing." Speaking in November, 1990, Ono stated, "Businessmen who aren't artists themselves wouldn't have the consideration Michael has. He loves the songs. He's very caring." She added that if she and McCartney were to own the songs, there would certainly be arguments. Ono explained that neither she or McCartney needed that. "If Paul got the songs, people would have said, 'Paul finally got John.' And if I got them, they'd say, 'Oh, the
strikes again.'"
The merging of ATV with Sony establishes our commitment to create one of the largest music publishing ventures in the world. We have been working on this for over a year and, now, with the two of us together, the sky is our only limit.
Michael Jackson, 1995.
After Jackson's acquisition of ATV Music Publishing, his record label's owner, , was negotiating the sale of its record division in an unrelated deal. The record company was renamed
in 1991. Following hurriedly arranged meetings and disagreements over the selling price, a deal was sealed by Jackson during a concert in . Upon seeing the success of this sale, Japanese corporation
sought to break away from its core business of hardware manufacturing and diversify into music, films and games. Looking for further opportunities, the company aimed to expand its music publishing interests. The Japanese corporation, since it wanted to diversify in the media, offered Jackson $90 million for a 50% stake in the ATV catalogue via a merger with Sony Music. Through the agreement, Jackson would become one of the most important shareholders in Sony. Jac he had essentially acquired half ownership of the Beatles' songs for a large profit. Jackson's own songs were not included in the deal. Sony and ATV having merged, the new company was named Sony/ATV Music Publishing and became the second largest music publisher in the world. Michael P. Schulhof, President and CEO of Sony Corporation of America, welcomed the merger and praised Jackson for his efforts in the venture. "Michael Jackson is not only the most successful en he is also an astute businessman. Michael understands the importance of copyrights and the role they play in the introduction to new technologies." He added that Jackson recognises Sony's "leadership in developing and realizing new technologies that serve to expand the creative horizon of artists such as himself". Administrative expertise was provided by Sony, who installed Paul Russell as chairman. Jackson was a company director and attended board meetings regularly. As each party in the arrangement held the power of veto, both sides would have to agree on a decision before it could be made. If neither party agreed on a decisions, they would not be implemented.
In May 2001, Jackson denied rumours that he was planning to sell the Beatles' song catalogue. Rumours had circulated that the singer was to sell them in order to finance the upkeep of
and to cover legal bill expenses. The singer announced in a statement, "I want to clarify a silly rumour – The Beatles catalogue is not for sale, has not been for sale and will never be for sale." Sony/ATV Music Publishing continued to acquire song catalogues in the 21st century. In November 2001, the company signed country singer Tony Martin to an exclusive songwriting and co-publishing deal. Through the deal, they acquired Martin's Baby Mae Music catalog of 600 songs, which includes 's "" and 's "". In July 2002, Sony/ATV Music Publishing bought veteran country music publisher Acuff-Rose for $157 million. The venture included music publishing rights to 55,000 country music songs, including the music of ,
and , as well as the
of the defunct label . Sony/ATV revived Hickory Records as the in-house
in 2007, with distribution handled by 's . Sony/ATV also owns the masters of ,
In 2006, Sony gained operational control of Sony/ATV and obtained an option to buy half of Jackson's stake in the company at any time for a fixed price of $250 million. Sony has not exercised the option.
announced in June 2006 that it had signed a long-term distribution agreement with Sony/ATV Music Publishing.
would produce and sell digital sheet music and
for songs from Sony/ATV's extensive catalog. "As a music publisher, we are always looking for new and innovative ways to promote our songs and songwriters," Sony/ATV chairman and chief executive David Hockman announced in a statement. Another company acquisition was made in 2007, when Sony/ATV purchased , a music publishing business with song catalogue of more than 125,000 songs including "" and "." The deal, sought by , included the assumption of around $30 million of debt. The company purchased the business for $370 million. The song catalogue also includes the hits of , , , ,
and . With this acquisition, Sony/ATV acquired the rights to publish music from films released by Viacom's
subsidiary, which had founded Famous Music in 1928 to publish music from its films. This also included films released by , which Viacom acquired in 2006.
in June 2009, there were reports that Jackson had left the Beatles catalog to McCartney in his , having added it just five months before. (Jackson was reportedly expecting to die before McCartney despite being 16 years his junior due to various health problems.) However, it was later revealed that Sony/ATV Music Publishing would keep control of the Beatles' songs. Upon his death, Jackson's entertainment attorney, Joel Katz, commented on the singer's work as a businessman. "Michael Jackson was a perfectionist and his business affairs are worldwide. Many of them are quite ongoing and will be dealt with appropriately." Ivan Thornton, a private-wealth adviser who worked with Jackson and , also commended the business side of the musician. "His business mind was fascinating. We’d go to meetings with bankers and Wall Street people and once I explained the language to him, he totally got it. There was no formal education there, but his natural knack was off the charts."
In November 2011,
announced a tentative deal to sell EMI, with the recorded music arm going to 's
for $1.9 billion and the publishing business going to a Sony/ATV-led consortium for around $2.2 billion. Other members of the Sony consortium include
and -owned investment fund . In March 2012, concessions were offered to the European Union to help win approval of the consortium's purchase. The deal won European Union approval on April 19, 2012. As part of the deal, Sony/EMI divested the publishing rights for
UK and . These catalogues were acquired by
in December 2012 for $150 million.
In August 2013, it was reported that McCartney and Ono will be able to reclaim the rights to the Beatles songs in 2018, as a result of the , in which the ownership of songs written before 1978 reverts to the songwriter after 56 years. McCartney and Ono (or their estates) will be able to claim full rights to the Beatles songs by 2026.
In December 2014, it was reported that Sony/ATV Music Publishing might be sold although Sony declined to comment.
The value of Sony/ATV Music Publishing has varied in reports. In 2002,
magazine estimated Jackson's 50% stake in the company, along with other music publishing ventures, to be worth $450 million. The organization was valued at $700 million in 2003. Industry experts valued the catalogue at between $600 million and $1 billion in 2004, based on the sales of rival catalogues. Charles Koppelman, a veteran music industry executive, stated that $1 billion was more reflective of Sony/ATV Music Publishing's worth. "Buyers would be lining up around the block if it were ever put up for sale," he said. "And I'd be in the front of the line." The value of the company was further estimated by Ryan Schinman, chief of Platinum Rye, to be $1.5 billion.
In 2005, Jackson's defense attorney, , claimed that the song catalogue had been valued at between $4 billion and $5 billion. Jackson's own financial documents stated that his 50% share of the catalogue was worth $390.6 million as of 2007, which would have made the entire catalogue worth $781.2 million. When Sony/ATV led the consortium that acquired
in 2012 (with Sony/ATV becoming administrator and 38% shareholder), it became the largest publishing company in the world, with more than 2 million songs and estimated revenues of over 1.25 billion dollars per year. As of 2012, Sony/ATV administers Jackson's other publishing firm, Mijac, which includes songs written by Jackson himself (amongst others), and which used to be administered by competitor .
. Sony/ATV Music Publishing News. 29 June . Sony/ATV Music Publishing, a joint venture between Sony and the Estate of Michael Jackson...
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Kraar, Louis (19 Aug 1985). . Fortune. Lord Lew Grade, chairman of Associated Communications Corp., one of Britain's largest entertainment conglomerates, welcomed Holmes a Court into his tent several years back. Before the British impresario knew what hit him, Holmes a Court owned the company and Lord Grade was looking for a job.
Faith, Nicholas (14 Dec 1998). . The Independent (London). Robert Holmes a Court, the Australian financier, took advantage of ACC's parlous position by buying the company relatively cheaply and as soon as he took control started sacking long-serving employees (including Grade's favourite tea lady). In a spiteful gesture after easing Grade out of ACC he removed Grade's credits from two highly successful films he had financed before losing control.
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