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《呼啸山庄》主人公希斯克利的性格分析
论文作者：英语论文论文属性：职称论文 Scholarship Papers登出时间：编辑：lisa点击率：2391
论文字数：3500论文编号：org395605语种：中文论文 Chinese地区：中国价格：免费论文
【摘要】《呼啸山庄》通过一个爱情悲剧，向人们展示了一幅畸形社会的生活画面。主人公希斯克利夫过分残忍的性格，完全是他周围的环境所造成的。希斯克利夫由善到恶，由恶向善的命运揭示了环境的巨大作用，体现了人物真实的行动轨迹。爱米莉.勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》一直被认为是英国文学史上一部“最奇特的小说”。它通过描述凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫之间的爱情，展现了畸形社会中人性的变异：人性因扭曲而萌发的强烈复仇。它以狂飙般猛烈的情感达到了震撼人心的艺术力量。希斯克利夫是作品中的主人公，他的疯狂报仇泄恨，貌似悖于常理，但却淋漓尽致地表达了他非同一般的叛逆精神。这是一种特殊环境下造成的特殊性格，特殊性格所决定的特殊命运。一、特殊环境造成特殊性格希斯克利夫是个被剥夺了人间温暖的弃儿，他是贫穷的。他被呼啸山庄的老庄主恩萧收养，改变了他贫穷的生活。老恩萧和他女儿凯瑟琳的善意接纳和关怀使他的眼神里充满了感激，他用最好的方式回报恩人――打开心，接受别人，并渐渐与凯瑟琳相爱了。虽然凯瑟琳的哥哥辛德雷异常讨厌他，但是甜蜜的爱情让他打算为了凯瑟琳去奉献一生，“永远生活在凯瑟琳的本由整理提供阴影下”，即使被她的哥哥辛德雷使唤，遭受无穷的嘲讽，他也毫不介意。可没过多久，生活又和希斯克利夫开了个玩笑。老恩萧死了，辛德雷成为了呼啸山庄的主人，这一变化使希斯克利夫降为了仆人，他再次贫穷。所不同的是，他此时拥有了凯瑟琳的爱，他把自己的爱全给了凯瑟琳，除了这个，他什么都没有了，甚至是尊严。对于一个生活在这种环境的人，凯瑟琳几乎就是他的生命，是他生活的全部希望。然而，这份爱并没有持续多久，凯瑟琳受制于那个世俗的社会，受制于金钱的诱惑，最后决定嫁给画眉山庄的主人――埃德加。虽然她说“我对埃德加的爱像是树林中的叶子，在冬天变化树木的时候，时光便会变化成叶子；我对希斯克利夫的爱则像树下面永恒不变的岩石，虽然看起来它给你的愉快并不多，可是这点愉快却是必需的，永久的。”相信当希斯克利夫听到凯瑟琳说：“嫁给希斯克利夫就会降低我的身份”时，用肝肠寸断这几个字来形容他当时的心情也并不以为过。凯瑟琳的变心使希斯克利夫生命中最后一点爱消失了，强烈的爱化为了强烈的恨，强烈的恨化成了他强烈的个性――坚硬、不屈、残忍。表面看，这一切都是因为凯瑟琳对爱情的背叛而造成的，实际上却显露了那个时代强烈的价值取向――贫穷是可耻的！二、特殊性格决定特殊命运印度有句谚语：“播种性格，收获命运。”希斯克利夫既然播种下了仇恨、残忍的性格，就将收获悲剧的命运。希斯克利夫的复仇需要建立在金钱的平台之上。他的复仇并不是简单杀死仇人，而是要占有呼啸山庄和画眉山庄。对他而言，只有占据了呼啸山庄和画眉山庄，才有了财富，才有了凌驾一切的权利，才有了欺辱仇人的资本和复仇的最大可能。他屈服于了周围的环境，他的心灵因此而痛苦，因痛苦而扭曲，因扭曲而变得固执、残忍，他的恨难以抹去……的确，希斯本由整理提供克利夫的复仇是可以理解的，换了任何一个人都会有复仇的想法，毕竟没有什么比因贫穷而丧失尊严，丧失爱情更让人悲愤的了。残酷的现实扭曲了他的天性，迫使他变得暴虐无情。从某种意义上说，希斯克利夫对呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的复仇是向那个无情社会的强烈控诉！如果没有那个畸形社会所带来的不平等，所带来的对贫穷的鄙视，又怎会形成他倔强而残忍的个性？如果没有他倔强而残忍的个性，又怎会导致他疯狂的复仇？只是，希斯克利夫的复仇过于猛烈罢了，燃烧了别人，也燃烧了自己。只要人性的物质导向还继续着，痛苦的心灵还挣扎着，反抗就会不断高涨着……这是一种现实妥协中的残忍个性！可是，希斯克利夫除了残忍，天性中仍具有善良的因子，他在恶的过程中逐渐发现了善的可能。临死前，他能够放弃在下一代身上报复的念头，就表明了这点，甚至于他自己最后也承认：“无止境的报复只会带来糟糕的结局。”这使人们不得不深思：在罪恶、仇恨、怨毒的土壤里，能否开出美丽的人性之花？任何富有魅力的个性，都应包含正负两方面的因素。在环境的突变里，性格中隐蔽的因素就会爆发，与环境一起构成合力，扭转命运。当弃儿希斯克利夫获得老庄主的关怀和凯瑟琳的爱情时，他是善的，满怀感激的，但老庄主的去世，特别是凯瑟琳对爱情的背叛改变了他生存的环境，他的性格为之突变，导致了疯狂的复仇。可当他不断报复呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的时候，他所处的环境又发生了极大的变化：他已经本由整理提供成为了呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的主人，他的仇人也相继死去。身份的转变加之仇人们的死亡，使他复仇的动因一点点地瓦解，残存的爱再次萌发，他走向了“善”。这种由善到恶，由恶向善的转变，使希斯克利夫这个人物具有了丰富性。如果没有希斯克利夫向善的过程，这个人物也不过是个“扁形人物”罢了。希斯克利夫由善到恶，由恶向善的命运揭示了环境的巨大作用，体现了人物真实的行动轨迹。爱米莉.勃朗特塑造的这一人物形象真正遵从了他本人的生活法则，毫无自己的主观臆造。对于这一点，俄国文学批评家别林斯基曾谈到：“你将不是要求诗人矢忠于他所强加于诗人的倾向，而是要求他矢忠于他自己的倾向，不要违背他自己的天性，不要逃避他的天职”。《呼啸山庄》通过一个爱情悲剧，向人们展示了一幅畸形社会的生活画面，勾勒了被这个畸形社会扭曲了的人性及其造成的种种可怖的事件。在小说中，作者的全部心血凝聚在希斯克利夫形象的刻画上，她在这里寄托了自己的全部愤慨、同情和理想。这个被剥夺了人间温暖的弃儿在实际生活中培养了强烈的爱与憎，辛德雷的皮鞭使他尝到了人生的残酷，也教会他懂得忍气吞声的屈服无法改变自己受辱的命运。他选择了反抗。凯瑟琳曾经是他忠实的伙伴，他俩在共同的反抗中萌发了真挚的爱情。然而，凯瑟琳最后却背叛了希斯克利夫，嫁给了她不了解、也根本不爱的埃德加.林顿。造成这个爱情悲剧的直接原因是她的虚荣、无知和愚蠢，结果却葬送了自己的青春、爱情和生命，也毁了对她始终一往情深的希斯克利夫，还差一点坑害了下一代。艾米莉.勃朗特刻画这个人物时，有同情，也有愤慨；有惋惜，也有鞭笞；既哀其不幸，又怒其不争，心情是极其复杂的。凯瑟琳的背叛及其婚后悲苦的命运，是全书最重本由整理提供大的转折点。它使希斯克利夫满腔的爱化为无比的恨；凯瑟琳一死，这腔仇恨火山般迸发出来，成了疯狂的复仇动力。希斯克利夫的目的达到了，他不仅让辛德雷和埃德加凄苦死去，独霸了两家庄园的产业，还让他们平白无辜的下一代也饱尝了苦果。这种疯狂的报仇泄恨，貌似悖于常理，但却淋漓尽致地表达了他非同一般的叛逆精神，这是一种特殊环境、特殊性格所决定的特殊反抗。希斯克利夫的爱情悲剧是社会的悲剧，也是时代的悲剧。《呼啸山庄》的故事是以希斯克利夫达到复仇目的而自杀告终的。他的死是一种殉情，表达了他对凯瑟琳生死不渝的爱，一种生不能同衾、死也求同穴的爱的追求。而他临死前放弃了在下一代身上报复的念头，表明他的天性本来是善良的，只是由于残酷的现实扭曲了他本由整理提供的天性，迫使他变得暴虐无情。这种人性的复苏是一种精神上的升华，闪耀着作者人道主义的理想。《呼啸山庄》出版后一直被人认为是英国文学史上一部“最奇特的小说”，是一部“奥秘莫测”的“怪书”。原因在于它一反同时代作品普遍存在的伤感主义情调，而以强烈的爱、狂暴的恨及由之而起的无情的报复，取代了低沉的伤感和忧郁。它宛如一首奇特的抒情诗，字里行间充满着丰富的想象和狂飙般猛烈的情感，具有震撼人心的艺术力量。本由提供整理，提供，，，，，，相关核心关键词搜索。
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出门在外也不愁毕 业 论 文题目： Return to Nature C On the Conflict between Nature and Civilization in Wuthering Heights学院：外国语学院摘要艾米莉?
勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期一名杰出的作家。她短暂的一生只留下 一部杰作－－《呼啸山庄》 。这部小说因其永久的魅力和广泛的畅销被列为世界 名著。 然而， 这部小说的价值直到二十世纪才被人们重新发现。 随着时间的推移， 她的小说越来越受到关注。一百多年来，学术界对其小说《呼啸山庄》分别从主 题、主旨、写作技巧、语言风格、女性主义、生态批评等不同角度进行过研究。 本文从象征主义的角度来解读自然和文明的关系，二者之间相互斗争，但最终因 为文明的侵犯和本性的扼杀造成了西斯克里夫和凯瑟琳的爱情悲剧， 同时折射出 造成人类悲剧命运的根源和重回自然的思想。 勃朗特在 《呼啸山庄》 中构建起分别象征着自然的呼啸山庄和文明的画眉山 庄， 把维多利亚时代的矛盾压缩进两个家庭的故事中。本文以凯瑟琳的命运为中 心线索， 分别论证了呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的象征意义。凯瑟琳是文明和自然的交 织点，通过论述凯瑟琳的异化，迷失和归复来说明文明压抑了人性，要求人顺应 人性回归自然的思想。 关键词：自然；文明；凯瑟琳；西斯克里夫；象征主义IAbstractEmily Bront? is a brilliant writer in Victorian Age. In her short life, she writes only one novel, Wuthering Heights, which has become a worldwide classic for its enduring interest and wide popularity. However, the novel is ignored by the readers and critics of the Victorian Age. It is not until the 20th century that the true value of the novel is discovered. As time passes by, her novel has gained more and more attention. Throughout the hundred years the scholars have attained remarkable achievements from diffident points of view, such as themes, narrative skills, writing style, language, feminism and ecocriticism. This paper tries to apply symbolism to analyze the relation between nature and civilization, which are fighting with each other. But the violation of civilization and the death of nature are responsible for the tragedy of Heathcliff and Catherine. The novel mirrors the root of tragedy of human and akes people to return to nature. In this novel Bront? builds Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, which are the tokens of nature and civilization respectively. She condenses the contradiction of the Victorian Age into the story of the two families. The paper is built around the fate of Catherine. It studies the symbolic meanings of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Catherine is the conjunction of nature and civilization and the conflict of them is vividly shown in her. The alienation, loss and return of Catherine indicates that civilization represses the nature of human and man should return and comply to nature. Key words: C H symbolismIIContents1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 2. The Life of Nature in Wuthering Heights ............................................................. 4 2.1 Wuthering Heights―the Symbol of Nature ..................................................... 4 2.2 The Wilderness of Catherine and Heathcliff .................................................... 5 3. The Life of Civilization in Thrushcross Grange ................................................... 8 3.1 Thrushcross Grange－the Symbol of Civilization ............................................ 8 3.2 The Lost Spirit between Nature and Civilization ............................................. 9 4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 12 Works Cited ................................................................................................................ 14 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... 15III1. IntroductionEmily Bront?, the well-known novelist in English literary history, is the most accomplished among the Bront? Sisters. All her life she only writes one novel, Wuthering Heights, which is published in 1947 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. This book gives her worldwide fame. It is termed as one of the most shocking and charming works in the world literature. Algernon Charles Swinburne, the distinguished critic of England, puts that Emily is a genius of tragedy and her novel can stand in the same level with King Lear and Mobi Dick, or the Whale. (Swinburne,1883:18) As a marvelous work in world literature, Wuthering Heights is exceedingly attractive to the critics all around the world. They give it manifold interpretations with different theories from different points of views, such as the theme, the narrative method, the rhetoric devices, the analysis of characters, symbolism, imagery, gothic element, the background and experiences of Emily and the comparison between other works. The critics and scholars strain their brains to dig up the profound and practical meaning from this great work in an attempt to apply it to the modern society. Symbolism is one of the reasons to account for the charm of this novel. This novel grows out of the sittings, characters, plots, images and events. The symbolic settings of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange are important to the novel. Through the symbolic scenes, the different atmospheres have been presented lively. The characters‘ complicated psychological activities become concrete, visual and acceptable through the use of symbolism. It offers Emily the opportunity to analyze the contradiction of her age through the interesting story. As E.M. Frost interprets Wuthering Heights, Dthe emotions of Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw function differently to other emotions in fiction...they surround them like thunder clouds, and generate the explosions that fills the novel. Wuthering Heights is filled with sound-storm and rushing wind, a sound more important than words and thoughts.‖ (Frost,2001:66) David Cecil said that Wuthering Heights is a symbol of natural philosophy of Emily and what Emily wants to display is the conflict between storm1and serenity of the cosmos instead of that of the goodness and the wickedness in the society. (Cecil,) The relation between nature and civilization undoubtedly catches the eyes of the academia. Foreign scholars get a lot of remarkable achievements about this novel. Stevie Davies says that although nature and civilization is in constant fierce dialogue, nature will tame and nourish nature just as little Catherine conquers Hareton with knowledge. (Davies,) Cecil reveals that there are the opposite forces in the novel－nature and civilization, but they are the components of a harmony instead of conflicting with each other. (Cecil,2002:87) Virginia Woolf proclaims that the world is split apart by two kinds of extremes and what Emily wants to do is to make the chaotic world harmonious. (Woolf,2001:77) There are also a lot of achievements in our country. Dong Rui thinks the philosophical relation between nature and civilization should reach a compromise. If the contradiction between them is not solved well, the disasters will occur. (董瑞, ) Xi Xia holds that nature and civilization will be enemy forever. The rules of the civilized world repress the wonderful humanity and bring tragedy to human. (奚霞,) Liang Xi points out that although the conflict between nature and civilization is inevitable, the tendency of them is in harmony. (梁昕,) Chen Maolin thinks that the conflict between nature and civilization is ever-lasting. But their co-existence will be good to the development of society. (陈茂林,) Pei Jiejun is opposite to them. He holds that the civilization is detrimental to the humanity and the violation of civilization should be responsible for the twist of the humanity. (裴洁俊,) Zhou Qinghe says the tragic end of the uneventful love is the result of the struggle between personality and culture. (周庆贺,) Fu Xiaoping thinks that people have wonderful humanity and the civilization is the best direction for people. (付小平,) In this paper I want to discuss the conflict between nature and civilization in terms of the symbolism. This paper will be divided into four parts. The first part is introduction. This part will focus on the importance of the writer and scholars‘ achievements on Wuthering Heights. The second part is chapter one. In this part I will2talk about the symbolic meaning of Wuthering Heights and the natural life in this place. The third part is chapter two. In this part I will pay my attention to the symbolic meaning of Thrushcross Grange and the repressed life in Thrushcross Grange. In the fourth part conclusion will be given. Through the comparison of the natural life in Wuthering Heights and the tortured life in Thrushcross Grange, Emily summons people to return to the simple but happy life. At the same time, Emily gives a fierce attack against the values of the Victorian Age, such as the hierarchical system and vanity.32. The Life of Nature in Wuthering HeightsEmily Bront? is a master of symbolism. In Wuthering Heights she condenses an endless and real world into a small thing. Virginia Woolf says that both Emily and Charlotte are inclined to resort to the power of nature. (Woolf,)The landscapes under their pens are permeated with affection. Emily uses them to disclose the theme of the novel instead of decorating the tedious words. The most remarkable symbolism in this novel is the conflict between nature and civilization. Thus Wuthering Heights is by no means a simple name of a house but the token of the untamed nature.2.1 Wuthering Heights―the Symbol of Nature Located in the desolate and boundless moor, Wuthering Heights mirrors the coarse and humble aspect of nature. It is dominated by heavy winds and severe atmosphere. Its name DWuthering‖, a provincial adjective, indicates that it exposes itself in the stormy weather and stands the tumult bravely. DOne may guess the power of the north wind blowing over the edge, by the excessive slant of a few stunted firs at
and by a range of gaunt thorns all stretching their limbs one way, as if craving alms of the sun.‖ (Bront?,1999:2) Wuthering Heights stands in the dangerous moor so that the people who are acquainted with it will lost their way. People are easily trapped in the lethal swamp. The atmosphere of Wuthering Heights means that it is a world of nature which is pure and intact. The world is not touched and polluted by the civilized world. Anything that wants to violate it is forbidden. The primitive wilderness of nature finds adequate expression in Wuthering Heights. But Wuthering Heights is also surrounded by the beautiful heathers. One can feel the fresh air and see the rippling creeks in the moor. Wuthering Heights never lacks the charming and beautiful aspect of nature. Therefore, Wuthering Heights is the epitome of nature, which owns the internal destruction and primitive wilderness as well as the inviolable peace. The people in Wuthering Heights live a simple and even unadorned life. People can know it clearly when they have a scrutiny on the layout of the parlor. Shoddy4guns, various food and the barking puppies can been seen everywhere. Mr. Lockwood gives us the description of life in Wuthering Heights. DOne step brought us into the family sitting-room, without any introductory lobby or passage: they call it here ?the house‘ preeminently...at least I distinguished a chatter of tongues, and a chatter of culinary utensils, deep within.‖ (Bronte,1999:2) Obviously there is a correspondence between the atmosphere of Wuthering Heights and the life here. The wild and free atmosphere exerts great influence on the people of Wuthering Heights. They are strong, good-hearted and have stormy personalities. For example, when Mr. Lockwood is attacked by the dogs, Da lusty dame, with tucked-up gown, bare arms, and fire-flushed cheeks, rushed into the midst of us flourishing a frying-pan‖. (Bront?,1999:4) Old Mr. Earnshaw ignores other‘s opinions and regards a humble Gypsy boy as Da gift of God‖. (Bront?,1999:29) Seemingly Nelly is disgusted with Heathcliff but she gives him the encouragements and love of mother. Wuthering Heights is a simple and natural world with simple people.2.2 The Wilderness of Catherine and Heathcliff Forged by the rugged surroundings, Catherine and Heathcliff are the sons of nature. They are strong, rebellious and kind. Heathcliff is far from the restrictions of various norms of society and his heart is never open to the Christian thoughts. Catherine is far from the commotion and secular things and she keeps her heart intact. All the years around she runs across the barren moor and enjoys the pleasure that nature brings to her. Their wild and pure personalities are in debt to the beautiful and free nature. When scolded by all the people, Catherine behaves arrogantly and thinks she is the happiest girl in the world. She has a gift to turn Joseph‘s religious curses into ridicule and she always defies the authority of her father. As a daughter of nature, she behaves without affectation and bears little resemblance to the girls of her age. Her wildness finds adequate expression in the comment of Nelly. D…she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day. from the hour she came down stairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute&#39;s security that she wouldn&#39;t be in5mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going―singing, laughing, and plaguing everybody who would not do the same…‖ (Bront?,1999:34) Far from the hypocritical civilization, this Dwild and wicked girl‖ has the Dbonniest eye, and sweetest smile, and lightest foot in the parish.‖ (Bront?, 1999:34) Heathcliff‘s name is the combination of the word Dheath‖ and Dcliff‖. The name always reminds people of dangers and destruction. When he appears in the novel, he is so impressive that everyone calls him Dthe wild child‖. Nature is his paradise and he always finds comfort in it when he is painful. Even his wilderness cannot be prevented by the tyrannical rules of Hindley who bears an ancient grudge against him. What Hindley wants to do is to deprive happiness of Heathcliff but he fails. Although he degrades Heathcliff and obliges him to do the arduous work, Heathcliff can get happiness in the moor. DIt is one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, and after punishment grew a little thing to laugh at. The curate might set as many chapters as he pleased for Catherine to get by heart, and Joseph might thrash Heathclif they forgot everything the minute they were together again.‖(Bront?,1999:37) The two children love each other deeply. They have a better understanding that they are made by the same thing and both of them are sons of nature. All the punishments will be ignored when they consign themselves to nature. The bleak and boundless moor is their harbor of their exhausted hearts. The moor offers them a place to relax their wild spirits. Although there are various troubles in Wuthering Heights, such as the afflicts imposed by stubborn Joseph who attempts to curb their wilderness with the Christian thoughts, rebellious Catherine and Heathcliff always get happiness from their fierce revolts. The funny and free experiences in Wuthering Heights have been kept in the diary of Catherine: DH, and I are going to rebel― we took our initiatory step this evening... I took my dingy volume by the scroop, and hurled it into the dog―kennel, vowing I hated a good book. Heathcliff kicked his to the same place.‖(Bront?,1999:17) Both of them are opposite to the boring and routine religious6rituals. They think those are responsible for the repressed nature. This rebellious spirit stems from their wild and free personality which is endowed by nature. During their revolts against Hindley, they find the elements of wilderness in each other. This untamed nature offers them the happy world. Catherine tells Nelly that her life in Wuthering Heights is much better than Heaven because Heathcliff is here. This is also a reason why Catherine wants to relive this unforgettable experiences when she is tormented to death by two kinds of tremendous forces after her marriage. It is a kind of vehement and destructive love which is unpolluted by the secular things, such as fame, wealth and social status. Maybe the happy and pure life in Wuthering Heights is a good reason why Catherine looks down upon Thrushcross Grange and asks Edgar to bury her in the moor―her only way to return to nature. Emily is a worshiper of nature. Her frantic love towards the bleak moor of her hometown is beyond people‘s imagination. All the years around, her solitary figure can be seen in the moor. Only in the untrodden moor, is her heart permeated with glee and freedom. Once she is far from the moor and trapped in the social life, the strong feeling of uneasiness will seize her. (Bront?,1999:55) Wuthering Heights is no more than the duplicate of the hometown of Emily. Emily thinks that nature provides people with a more simple but pure life. Through the description of the life of Wuthering Heights, the happy, healthy and natural life is presented to people. Emily displays her opinion through the words of Mr. Lockwood. After hearing the story of Catherine and Heathcliff, Mr. Lockwood, the tenant of Wuthering Heights, speaks highly of its atmosphere. He thinks people here acquire more happiness than people in towns because Dthey do live in earnest, more in themselves, and less in surface change, and frivolous external things‖. (Bront?,1999:7) Therefore, he believes that this place is suitable for the existence of the love. Although the life in Wuthering Heights is humble and coarse, people can get felicity.73. The Life of Civilization in Thrushcross GrangeThe Victorian period also witnesses the burgeoning development of capitalist society. But it strengthens and fastens the conflict between nature and civilization. The civilized world is encroaching on the territory of nature and it exerts great influence on the values and lifestyles of human. People get comfortable life at the cost of some good qualities of the natural world. It is a complicated world full of various vices and it will kill people‘s primitive happiness. This world is defined as vanity fair by William Makepeace Thackeray. As a brilliant representative of critical realism, Emily is never indifferent to the existence of civilization and the fierce battle between nature and civilization. Besides Wuthering Heights, Emily builds a civilized world－ Thrushcross Grange.3.1 Thrushcross Grange－the Symbol of Civilization Making a sharp contrast with the Wuthering Heights, Thrushcross Grange is the epitome of the civilized society, a place to manifest norms of the civilized society. It prevails graceful, serene and civilized atmosphere. The nature of the habitants here is modified by religious belief and social norms. Their life shine with the dazzling light of civilization. Even Catherine and Heathcliff are overwhelmed by this alienable and magnificent world when they intrude into this civilized world accidentally. DIt was beautiful―a splendid place carpeted with crimson, and crimson-covered chairs and tables, and a pure white ceiling bordered by gold, a shower of glass―drops hanging in sliver chains from the centre, and shimmering with little soft tapers‖ (Bront?,1999:38) Just as the bleak and untamed moor gives the unique personalities to the people in Wuthering Heights, the magnificent grange also has great influence on the personalities of people here. Although Thrushcross Grange has the gorgeous landscape and splendid decoration, people here are weak and lack vitality. Edger Linton and his sister are compared to the flowers of the greenhouse. They scramble for a dog and they cry easily. This thing will never happen in Wuthering Heights.8Therefore, their behaviors are despised by Catherine and Heathcliff. When the Lintons go to church, they are covered by layers of clothes in the carriage. But the Earnshaws go to church by horse in winter. The Lintons not only stand for weakness, but also for people who are colored by the vices of the Victorian Age. The civilized life offers them the comfortable and noble life but they are deprived of the wonderful things which are endowed by the simple and pure life. The Lintons have different treatments towards Catherine and Heathcliff, because the former is the sister of the owner of Wuthering Heights and the later is a humble and penniless boy. They are enslaved by the hierarchical system. The Lintons‘ disgust at Heathcliff and their Dvacant blue eyes‖ (Bront?,1999:41) reflect the deflects of the civilized life.3.2 The Lost Spirit between Nature and Civilization Catherine, the daughter of nature, is seduced by the luxurious and comfortable life. Although she has passionate love towards nature never release, her short stay in Thrushcross Grange influences her. The vices of the civilized world are violating her pure and innocent spirit, such as vanity and hierarchical thought. Mrs. Linton laughs at the humble behaviors of Heathcliff and warns Edgar not to speak to him. These thoughts let Catherine be shame of the coarse life. Before the death of Catherine, Heathcliff tells us the reason of their tragic end: D...Misery, and degradation, and death, and nothing that God or Satan could inflict would have parted us, you, of your own will, did it...‖ (Bront?,) In Thrushcross Grange she represses her true heart and behaves like a graceful and elegant girl. Her vanity and the rules of the civilized world tell her that becoming the owner of Thrushcross Grange is much better than the life of Wuthering Heights and only the rich man is suitable for her. Obviously she begins to be influenced by the inhuman values of the civilized world. It is the first time that Catherine asks Heathcliff to wash his dirty face. Her vanity makes her to accept the proposal of Edgar and abandons her true love. This pure and wild spirit has been colored by her9vanity and hierarchical thought－the side effects of the civilized world. But Catherine gradually realizes this life is devoid of vitality and filled with hypocritical thought. It will kill her sooner or later. The boring life in Thrushcross Grange gives her a feeling that a wild and free bird has been trapped in the golden cage. Instead of breathing fresh air in the boundless moor and being comforted by the omnipotent nature, she is confined to the exquisite house. She represses her wildness to humor her civilized life in Thrushcross Grange. Even Nelly is changed by the rules of the civilized world. In Wuthering Heights Nelly serves as a mother or friend while here even Nelly is warned sternly of being polite to the hostess. The change of Nelly makes Catherine upset because it reminds her of the dilemma in Thrushcross Grange. Nelly tells to Mr. Lockwood: D I learn and, for the space of half a year, the gunpowder lay as harmless as sand, because no fire came near to explode it. Catherine had seasons of gloom and silence, now and then...she was never subject to depression of spirits before.‖ (Bront?,1999:77) Catherine tells Nelly that she has endured very bitter misery alone in this civilized world. The return of Heathcliff gives her real life again. Heathcliff makes her realize the restrictions and impotency of the civilized world. Facing the revengeful behaviors of Heathcliff, Edgar Linton cries for the love of Catherine. This weakness and blankness strengthens Catherine‘s realization that she makes a big mistake because of her vanity. She is chewed by her wrong decision. She tortures herself to death. She is so eager to return to nature that she opens window to feel the cold wind. The wind of the moor is the food of her spirit. She thinks it is a way to kill the repressed time in Thrushcross Grange. Although Catherine strains her brain to harmonize the relation between Heathcliff and her husband, she fails. Catharine displays her regret again and again before her death. She shouts out: DI wish I were out of doors! I wish I were a girl, half savage and handy, and free...I‘m sure I should be myself were I once among the heather on those hills.‖ (Bront?,) The life in the civilized world makes the free spirit bath in tears. As far as Catherine is concerned, the seven years in the civilized world is a blank.10Her secular love to Edgar is not enough to support her life. The splendid life brings ruin to her love as well as herself. When Heathcliff complains about her betrayal, she sobs: D If I‘ve done wrong, I‘m dying to it.‖ (Bront?,) Before she dies, she regrets for her decision and looks down upon the decent life. She asks Edgar to bury her in the free moor instead of the church. Her death is the only available way to correct her mistake and let her come back to nature. Catherine‘s death in Thrushcross Grange is full of meaning. In the beginning of the novel, Mr. Lockwood is told by the ghost of Catherine: DI‘m come home. I‘d lost my way on the moor!‖ (Bront?,1999:20) Her words mean that she has betrayed her heart and now she wants to go to nature. The window symbolizes civilization. The window prevents her from her ideal home－nature. Because of her vanity she has been punished for many years as a lost ghost. Her dream of returning to nature is fulfilled after Heathcliff smashes the window into pieces. Bront? is a recluse of the Victorian Age. She witnesses the changes of many pure spirits owing to the violation of civilization. The values of the capitalist society get the upper hand, such as vanity and hierarchical system. Emily cannot come to terms with this complicated age. She thinks that the civilized life must bring disasters to people. She testifies herself in this novel. Catherine makes Heathcliff a victim－a demonic revenger with the twist humanity. Even the tragedy continues in the second generation. If Wuthering Heights endows life with Catherine, Thrushcross Grange deprives her of the vigorous and free life. The death of Catherine in Thrushcross Grange reflects the spiritual death of the people in Victorian period. Through the death of Catherine, Emily attacks against civilization. At the same time, the ghosts attain happiness again in the moor after Heathcliff breaks the window. It is safe to say that Emily cherishes hope towards the lost people.114. ConclusionWuthering Heights is great and unique. Since its appearance, it has attracted countless readers with its enduring charm. It gives people a vehement and tragic story of love as well as a miniature of the Victorian Age. Emily, the great novelist, makes us relive this complexed age and feel the conflict between nature and civilization. The scholars who devote themselves to the study of the English literature will not ignore this great work. Oates says that people are still shocked by the superb craftsmanship and rich imagination in Wuthering Heights again and again. (Oates,) The novel is filled with symbolism. Wuthering Heights is the token of nature, which is intact and untamed by civilization. Therefore, it keeps the wonderful lifestyle. It is a pure field which is protected by nature. The personalities of people in Wuthering Heights bear resemblance to the atmosphere. They live a simple but happy life in this natural place. The most remarkable characters in this place are Heathcliff and Catherine. They are the sons of nature and nature endows them with wilderness. Thus they are rebellious and have pure love to each other. In fact, the whole Wuthering Heights is a symbol of the natural life. It represents the natural, healthy and happy life. Indeed, it is the ideal kingdom of the heart of Emily. Living in the desolated moor, Emily holds deep love to nature. This point is truthfully reflected in the description of Wuthering Heights and the characters. But Emily is not a romanticist completely. She is a brilliant representative of critical realism. Victorian period is witnessing great changes. People are caught by the conflict between nature and civilization. Civilization brings people the comfortable life but ruins some wonderful qualities. Thrushcross Grange is the symbol of civilization. In fact, what Catherine and Heathcliff are facing is the problems with which the people in Victorian Age are confronted. Catherine is everyone who cannot deal with the relation between nature and civilization well. The values of the civilized world are conquering the spirits of natural life. In the natural life of Wuthering Heights, the hierarchical thought and vanity are far from Catherine and others. Even12Nelly doesn‘t look down upon Heathcliff. The natural atmosphere nourishes the simple and pure spirit. But after her encounter with Thrushcross Grange－civilization, Catherine betrays her heart and love because of the hierarchical thoughts and vanity. These vices are the result of the civilized world. Civilization is violating the natural and pure life. Some people are conquered at the cost of the happy life. The alienation of Catherine brings destructive disasters, such as her death, the twist humanity of Heathcliff and the sorrow end of Edgar. The death of Catherine is heavily loaded with symbolic meaning. At the same time, the dying Catherine makes a sharp contrast between the life of nature and that of civilization. Although tortured by the civilized world, Catherine is eager to come back to nature. She compares north wind in the moor to her breath and she thinks civilization deprives her of spirit. The death of Catherine is a fierce attack against civilization which brings vanity and hierarchical thoughts. Through the comparison between natural life and civilized life, Emily displays her opinion. Although the natural life is coarse and humble, nature gives people simple but happy life. Emily feels this is a kind of life which is forbidden in the civilized world. Civilization brings the comfortable and noble life, but the restrictions of the civilized world prevents people from the free and happy life. It teaches people values and represses people‘s nature. In the end it will ruin all the wonderful things. Seemingly it tells about the love story of Heathcliff and Catherine, but Wuthering Heights is a great book touching upon the historic problems－the conflict between nature and civilization. In conclusion, what Emily wants to tell us is that the violation of the civilized world will bring tragedy to the human race. The natural and free spirit is killed by the decent and luxurious life. Although people‘s natural heart are repressed, the explosion of the repressed nature will brings more dangers. The restrictions of the civilized life kill the wild spirit. Therefore, she summons the lost people to return to nature－the natural, healthy and happy life.13Works Cited[1] Bront?, Emily. Wuthering Heights [M]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University Press, 1999. [2] Cecil, David. Emily Bront? and Wuthering Heights [M]. London: Con-stable&Co. Ltd.,. [3] Davies, Stevie. The Cambridge Companion to the Bront? [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, . [4] Frost, E. M. Aspects of Novel [M]. China Translation & Publishing Corporation. 2001. [5] 陈茂林. 回归自然 返璞归真――《呼啸山庄》中的生态批评 [J]. 外语教 学. 2007（01）:69-73. [6] 董瑞. 回归自然――从生态批评角度对《呼啸山庄》进行解读 [D]. 北京交 通大学人文社会科学学院.
[7] 弗吉尼亚?伍尔夫. 伍尔夫随笔全集 [M]. 石云龙等译. 北京：中国社会科 学出版社，. [8] 付小平. 野性和文明的较量――试析《呼啸山庄》中的艺术内涵 [J]. 作家 杂志. 2009（12）:42-43. [9] 梁昕. 构建和谐世界――评《呼啸山庄》中自然和文明的关系 [J]. 湘潭师范学院学报. 2005（03） ：96-99. [10] 裴洁军. 论《呼啸山庄》中自然和文明的冲突 [J]. 高校讲坛. 2011（31） ： 261. [11] 乔伊斯?卡罗尔?欧茨. 直言不讳:观点和评论 [M]. 徐颖果译. 武汉:长 江文艺出版社, . [12] 奚霞. 自然与文明的冲突――从《呼啸山庄》看人的悲剧命运 [D]. 东北 师范大学学位评定委员会. . [13] 周庆贺. 反叛社会 回归自然――《呼啸山庄》中的主题新论 [J]. 河南师 范大学学报. 2003（04） ：77-78.14AcknowledgmentsThanks to my supervisor who has devoted her precious time to making critical comments on it, I can finish my thesis smoothly. Her knowledge of language as well as her careful comments, suggestions and encouragements, is of great value in helping me complete the thesis. Besides the help from my professor, I should also convey my thanks to my schoolmate. She also gave lots of useful advice on my thesis. Finally, I would also like to extend my gratitude to my beloved family. For their love is endless motivation to help me overcome various difficulties, I own most of my academic progress to them.15
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